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Perform Research Steven Harking Professional Communications/GAUGES 7/24/14 Lori Thomas Professional Communications What exactly is self-marketing? Before we can properly understand what this means, first we must take a look at the current conditions in the Job-market. Over the years, it has grown increasingly competitive. Marketing methods are constantly being enhanced and improved in an effort to reach consumers.Every year, millions of undergraduate and graduate students enter the workforce to compete with more experienced workers in our country. Not only are they competing with more skilled errors in our country, but now with a globalizes market, they are competing with workers who live overseas as well. This is where Self-marketing comes into play. Another way of thinking about self-marketing is personal-branding.Self-marketing uses certain branding tools to create a positive desired image around you the employee rather than a specific product. Using these tools effectively can he lp separate yourself from thousands of other potential candidates and employees by allowing you to: highlighting your experiences, networking with employers, and alluding profiles where you can show off examples of your work. Social Networking sites, blobs, and professional conferences, are specific examples of platforms you can use to help accomplish this.Backbone is a great place to start. Most of us already use Backbone and so you already are somewhat familiar with their protocols. Something I have done is created a page where I can market my research on health too larger audience. It is called Health Over Wealth and on this page, I share articles about how to live healthy. These articles can range from things like the science Enid a good night's rest, all the way to ideas for vegetable and fruit smoothies.It is easy to create your own page, it is free, and it can be used as a great self-marketing tool. Instead off focus on health like I have done, you can use it as a portfolio o f sorts to showcase your strengths and assets as a potential employee towards the industry of your preference! Chances are you already have a good amount of friends of Backbone. Any one of those friends has friends of their own who you have not met yet. When your friends like your page they will see your page on their walls.Also, for example if you are at a Job fair and are handing out resumes, you can communicate to the different employers there that you have a profile on Backbone that showcases your strengths in more detail. Internet marketing is a big deal and a valued skill to many employers these days. If you can successfully market yourself, then a company will trust you to market their products on these same types of platforms. Another great tool to use that I actually learned in my first year at ITT is Linked In. Employers are well aware of Linked In and actively search for employees on this site.In fact, Linked In can be more useful to you then Backbone because while Backbo ne has many different uses, Linked In is more specific in its use as primarily a Job marketing tool. Something I really like about Linked In is that you can meet and network with many individuals all over the world that are in your industry and learn from them. You can check out their pages and see how they are marketing themselves and draw from those techniques. You can find a senior vice president from a multi-million dollar company and see how they brand themselves!

Aims and Objectives of the Copthorne Hotel Essay

An aim is a long term goal that is set by a business in order to improve the quality and value of their company. The Copthorne hotel has four main aims. Their first main aim is ‘To Make a Profit for Shareholders’. The Copthorne hotel and the Millennium group is a plc, meaning their shares are sold to the public on the stock exchange. When a share of a business is bought, they become a shareholder, meaning they own a small stake in the business. They aim to increase their profits for the benefit of their shareholders, the more profit they are making, the higher the dividend their shareholders are going to get back. If for example the value of their shares decline in the stock market, the shareholders may wish to sell them, in order to invest in a company making profit, because in a more valuable company they will be paid a higher dividend. Their second aim is ‘To Increase Market Share’. Market share is the amount/percentage of a particular category of market owned by a certain company. The Copthorne wants to increase their Market Share in order to increase the popularity of the business. An increase in their market share would mean more rooms being booked, more weddings planned and more conferences put in place. All together meaning that the Copthorne would also see an influx in its income, meaning the company has the money to expand further and beat the competition. In order to this they rely heavily on their customers returning, and new customers coming through their doors. In order for this to happen however, they need to meet the customer’s high expectations and provide a high quality, good value for money service. Their third aim is to ‘Increase the number of hotels globally’. The millennium group currently have over 100 hotels worldwide, 13 of which are based in Europe. Over the last few years, the company has grown and expanded slowly, as the business becomes more popular. The term ‘floated on the stock exchange’ means that anyone can buy shares in the business, based on the information read in the company’s prospectus. This simply means that the Copthorne can raise money in order to expand. The Copthorne has been floated  on the stock exchange as it is a Public Limited Company (plc). A majority shareholder is someone who owns at least 51% of the shares in the company, meaning that they have the most influence of the Copthorne’s decisions, and therefore decide on where, when and how to expand. Finally, their last aim is to ‘constantly improve customer service’. Customer service means the quality of the service/goods given to the customer, whether it be before, during, or after. If a company provides a top quality customer service then they are more likely to retain their customers, and in addition attract new ones by word of mouth, meaning that the customer tells their friends, they tell their friends etc. Therefore it is extremely important for a company such as the Copthorne because the business is constantly trying to expand, and having good reviews plays a vital, big role in supporting this. Copthorne Objectives The objectives that the Copthorne set are the shorter term, smaller steps that they take in order to achieve their aims. However as the aims change over time due to external factors affecting the business, the objectives will change and alter as well. In order to achieve their first objective ‘to make a profit for shareholders’ they need to meet or exceed the financial targets set by the Millennium group. These targets may be to increase the numbers of people in the restaurant, sell more rooms, or lower their prices. Overall, their wish is to attract more people through the doors in order to make a profit, so that their shareholders can be paid back. Their second aim was ‘to increase their market share’. To do this they constantly monitor their global position against their competitors and expand globally within the continents they operate in. This means that they measure their success against their competitors, they constantly wish to be beating them and make bigger amounts of profit, so they have the financial room to grow and expand. To succeed in their third objective ‘to increase the numbers of hotels globally’ they try to open a new hotel in a major city across the world every year. By doing this not only are they achieving their aim but increasing the amount of income they get, and therefore helping to achieve some of their earlier aims. Their fourth and final objective is to provide excellent facilities and customer service measured by achieving 95% or more on customer satisfaction surveys, this is set in order to assist their 4th aim of trying to constantly improve customer service. When a customer is staying at the Copthorne they ask them to fill in a survey, these surveys involve questions to do with, the customer service, the rooms, the food, the facilities etc. If they manage to achieve this aim it is displayed on their website and in other advertisements on order to persuade people to stay, if someone sees that another person likes a business, and rates it highly, then they themselves are more likely to try and experience the high quality of service as well. Mission Statement The Copthornes mission statement is to ‘Get it right first time, every time and think like a Customer’. The ‘get it right first time and every time’ means that the staff working within the facility need to try and do everything perfectly, without fault, in their first attempt, there are no second chances as people tend to form their opinions on first impressions. The second part ‘think like a customer’ means that the staff and employees in order to maintain a high standard service need to put themselves in the customers shoes and think what would I expect from a hotel of such high standards? And they need to perform to this level. Overall this Mission statement helps the Copthorne employees stay focused, and stay on the right track to success. A high quality service results in the end in increased sales and therefore increased profits.

Bus 698-week 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Bus 698-week 13 - Essay Example †¢ The environment is dynamic: certain issues in the environment may draw high attention currently than they might have done previously (Gallup poll keep consistency in questions of measurement to some political polls even if events at some point had made questions less for this same reason). †¢ People are dynamic. The moment the respondent matures, varying answers reflect not only their level of maturity but also sensitivity and familiarity of the topics. Measurement session may tune participants into topics once altered. The participants of the group may change due to illness, become potential parents, loose interests or even die hence dropping out longitudinal sample study. This is the right time for discussion whether respondents that are being replaced are required to be matched for the results to be comparable in the study of longitudinal. 2. The possibilities for the student choices are fairly broad. The question does well as a group exercise where you divide findings, and each group picks more than one facts from the subset of findings to base on for argument. Additionally, it is a great time to reinforce that even fewer statistics can be more memorable than many statistics when making a point to capture the attention. 3. Students often have varied costs linked with reaching diverse subsets of the sample. Although it is not yet right time to discuss budgetary of research, Students have the wrong perception that online surveys are the best as far as cost constraint is concerned. It is the right time to discuss on the web survey that they are no free, and many other factors influence the online survey or any other method. Apparently, proof point was in a position of trying to establish an IT provider in UK, so quoting U.S statistics study would not encompass captured concentration once felt is important in UK. If the first study in UK shows cohesion with US then reassessment of data could be done if it were

Assistance at National Investment and Insurance Essay

Assistance at National Investment and Insurance - Essay Example As the discussion declares an evolution of the concept of motivation is briefly outlined along with the major theories to enhance the perspective regarding the present context as well as justify the identification of the lack of motivation as the fundamental problematic for the ITS of NII. Based on the theories of motivation, two features of the part-time employment policy – no dependence of pay on performance and the lack of information regarding intrinsic benefits of working part-time in terms of future full time employment possibility, are identified as the fundamental problems that create an environment that does not provide any incentives to perform better. The report suggests redesigning the employment scheme and making a part of the pay dependent upon performance, i.e., introducing financial rewards as incentives to perform better as the first step. Secondly, it is suggested to introduce the intrinsic reward of higher possibility of being offered full-time employment gi ven higher performance. The subject of the given case study entitled â€Å"Assistance at National Investment and insurance† is the sub-optimality of the service provided by the employees of the IT support (ITS) section identified to be Assistance Officers (AOs) and the resulting performance of the department in totality. The study reports that from a survey conducted on National Investment and insurance (NII) employees who utilized services of the IT support section regarding the performance of the AOs emerged to be less than satisfactory. Apart from delayed responses and resolutions, unfriendly or mechanical attitudes were reported though surprisingly, the considerable majority of the problems addressed were

Stress test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stress test - Essay Example The result of the test shows that my home distress is at 56 percent while my work is at 63 percent with social life coming least at 26 percent. Therefore, according to the results of this tress test, my social life is poor; hence, there are needs to change or improve on it. In other words, there are many activities that I often engage with that interferes with my social wellbeing. There are numerous signs of stress ranging from cognitive, emotional, physical, to behavioral. Physical stress usually leads me to aches and pains to different parts of the body including chest as well as dizziness and rapid heartbeats (Olpin and Hesson, 2013). The behavioral stress usually leads to me to behaviors changes including eating habits, duration of sleep and procrastination or and neglect of responsibilities. On the other hand, cognitive stress may lead me to memory problems, anxiety, poor judgment, and being negative while emotional stress usually leads me to change in mood, short or irritable t emper depressed, and feeling overwhelmed. My personal way of controlling or handing stress is to hang out with friends and stop thinking of scenarios that have led to such stress.   Nonetheless, I usually ensure that if they are generated by mistakes and problems; the same must be worked on to a solution to avoid repeat of the same (Olpin and Hesson, 2013). †¢Ã‚  This activity is good in determining the what areas in life that contribute much my stress; however, the validity and accuracy in its application remain a challenge.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS - Assignment Example Another part of the paper presents the qualitative interpretation of the quantitative results. That is, the interpretation of the company’s ratio results and their significance. Lastly, a summary of the company’s financial position as reflected by the analysis has been produced together with a suitable plan of action. The overview of Procter and Gamble The company, based in the United States, is focused in manufacturing branded consumer products. The company’s main objective is the provision of products and services that are of high quality and value to help improve the well-being of both current and future generations. The company’s mission is formulated based on two objectives. That is, the profit maximization and shareholder wealth creation. The company has a widespread market covering more than 180 countries across the world. The company reaches the customer through the establishment of various outlets such as grocery stores, Merchandisers, drug stores , membership club stores and the neighborhood stores. Currently, the company’s financial performance is still below the investor’s expectations. ... analysis, the following tools have been selected: profitability measures, asset turnover, the inventory turnover, debtor’s collection period, creditor’s collection period, liquidity measures, the analysis of ROE drivers, Common size analysis, the growth analysis, and industrial analysis. The profitability ratio shows the performance of a firm regarding its ability to generate income from the investments. The efficiency ratio indicates the ease with which a firm utilizes its resources in order to generate revenue. The liquidity ratio would indicate the ability of a firm to meet its short-term needs. The common size present the expression of financial statement items as a percentage of another key item. In other words, the expression of all the balance sheet items as a percentage of the total assets. DuPont analysis presents the relationship between ROE drivers. The analysis is used to identify the level of performance of particular processes in a company. A companyâ€⠄¢s growth analysis is the percentage change of financial items based on a base period. Finally, the peer analysis is the comparison between the industrial average performance and the performance of a company [All the mathematical proofs are in the excel file] (Beyer 88-156). Summary of the quantitative analysis The balance sheet analysis – the total current assets decreased in the year 2009 as compared to the figure in the year 2008. The figure decreased by $ 2,610,000. The decrease can be attributed to the decrease in the value of account receivables in that year. Secondly, the decrease could be because of the reduced amount of work in progress. Thirdly, the decreased amount of finished goods also led to the decrease in the level of current assets. The shareholder’s equity decrease in the year by $

Out of Africa, Biological Adam and Eve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Out of Africa, Biological Adam and Eve - Essay Example All that we know about Adam and Eve is that they were the first human beings on earth. They were banished from heaven and sent to earth as punishment. Human brain inquires many questions over this small statement. Is this a true tale? Were Adam and Eve really the first human beings? If they were punished or banished from heaven then why are we here? And, is this all a punishment? Theology and science have been into cold war on these topics from the very beginning. This is because science accepts logic and evidences however, religion expects one to believe in whatever is told without any doubts. The aspects of the existence of universe and that of mankind are discussed side by side in this assignment. Adam and Eve are the first two human beings i.e. male and female, created by God. He wanted them to live in heaven and gave them superiority over the other creations of His. He made every possible luxury available to them but ordered them to avoid only one thing. He ordered them to stay away from one tree. That tree is termed as tree of knowledge which contained the knowledge of evil and good in it. Some mythological tales state that the tree of knowledge had â€Å"apples† on it. Satan misguided Eve and made her go near the tree. She being the only companion of Adam convinced him to accompany her. On this act God became angry with them and banished them from garden of heaven. He expelled them from heaven and made them spend their lives on earth. Also, he did not keep their lives free of tension or evil. It is in many mythological tales that God made humans suffer by giving women childbirth pain and by making men face the hardships of earning livelihood and farming etc. It is also found in historic writings and theological information that they were expelled to earth and sent to Africa. This tale is what we all know but how we are connected to Adam and Eve and how our roots connect with Africa is still a mystery. There are many paintings made by people of dif ferent faith over this incident. They all tell something different yet all are common at the point of naming both the humans as Adam and Eve. The topic under discussion throws light over Adam and Eve existence, their expulsion from heaven, their lives on earth, their multiplication and migration. Bombarded with philosophy, theology and science, the questions of human race existence are answered to unravel the facts unknown to most of our generation. Part. 2: Out of Africa, Biological Adam and Eve Adam and Eve were the first human couple due to which we are here today. This is the little piece of information we all have. There are numerous things dwelling between the above mentioned two simple lines. Let us discuss the religious, scientific and logical aspects of this simple story which starts becoming complex as we analyze its different aspects. 2.1 Religious Aspect about the existence of Adam and Eve According to the religious perspective, Adam and Eve were meant to live in Eden an d enjoy God’s bounties without having any unfulfilled desire. God created every luxury in heaven for them. He gave them superiority over other beings and excused them from the hardships of life (House and Grover, 2009, pp.31-36). House and Grover (2009, pp.32) state that Mattew Henry exemplified Eve to be created from Adam’s rib because God did not want him to live alone. The woman created from the rib has the logical justification of not to rule over man, be by his side for his support, to be guarded and loved.

Edit1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Edit1 - Essay Example Furthermore, the reports and their analysis thereof have not only illuminated the very deficiency of my daily caloric consumption, but have informed the modification of my food diet towards more healthy foods such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains, as already alluded to above. Noteworthy, proper management of the daily calorie intake goes a long way in preventing not just obesity already, but numerous chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases. The change in my food diet to include those foods rich in fiber will tremendously help in regaining the very crucial minerals and vitamins that are somehow in short supply for proper functioning of my body systems. To be specific, the graphic on â€Å"My Plate† was but informational with regards to contents of a balance diet; fruits, vegetables, grains, protein and a variety of dietary products are all recommended. Additionally, the questions of this assignment were indeed helpful, for they introduce me to the exact amounts of protein, carbohydrates and fats that I need to consume to live a healthy

The television as a product in relation to edward de Bono thinking hat Assignment

The television as a product in relation to edward de Bono thinking hat - Assignment Example The television has become an evident product in the today’s generation. The television provides communication services to individuals. The television empowers lives in many ways especially through providing important information. Through the television, we have an idea of the global happenings. Through the television information on sports, current good or bad happenings air at the comfort of our homes. Information on the weather enables people to plan for events before they happen. The television is a good source of entertainment accessed at a cheap price and at the convenience of others. Television definitely empowers individuals to live a better life through showing the progress of global happening (Hanson, 2010). Experts denounce the watching of television due to reasons such as the disengagement of people from politics, the obesity issue and the negative images of women it displays. Innovation of the television faces controversies for current years. The fears that it is on ly a matter of time before the television losses market to upcoming technological devices that enhance the outreach. Over the air, the television only has common channel. Individuals result to paying cable and satellite providers to offer extra channels. The consumer market is tired of purchasing more content most of which we are not interested (Lin & Atkin, 2007). Edward de Bono thinking tools The â€Å"Six thinking Hats† is an important powerful tool used to make decisions from different perspectives. Edward de Bono created the tools, which assists individuals to think outside from their normal thinking style. Product producers think in a very rational and positive point of view. This is the reason as to why the end up in success. Many however fail to look at the problems from a creative, intuitive, emotional or negative point of view. This means that the success is only limited to the positive thinking only. They forget that through analysis of the negative aspects creates a better approach of promoting the success of the organization. On a different view, pessimists may extensively support ideas on an emotional aspect failing to analyze decisions rationally and calmly. The thinking technique involves the white hat, red hat, black hat, yellow hat, green hat, and blue hat (Mycoted, 2011). The white hat focuses on the available data where an analysis of information available aids in learning various aspects. While thinking on the aspects, make an analysis of the elements that fill up on information missing. The â€Å"white thinking hat† analyses the past trends and extrapolate from historical data. The red hat thinking involves analyzing problems using gut reaction, emotion and intuition. The thinking involves the emotional aspects of other people involved in the thinking circle. Involving people’s logic assists in analysis of the last reasoning (Runco, 2007). The black hat of thinking involves looking at the negative aspects of the made decision. With defense and caution, analyze on the possibilities of it not working. It is important as it brings out the weak points of the decision. This enables the plan to be refined through elimination, alteration or creation of counter plans. The black hat thinking aspect enables decisions to stand tough grounds and be resilient. It assists in realizing fatal decision making before making a decision. The advantage of this thinking mechanism is that it concentrates on the negative aspects hence eliminating flaws in the decision-making process. This prepares individuals of difficulties arising from the made decision. The yellow hat of thinking concentrates of positive thinking mechanisms. It takes an optimistic point of view giving only the positive outcomes of the decision. The green hat relates to creativity. It involves developing creative solutions to a problem involving a freewheeling with minimal criticism. The blue hat represents the process control. The blue hat

Slow Food Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Slow Food Movement - Research Paper Example The movement has 850 chapters, also known as local convivias, and they serve as the expressions for the movement’s ideology. Convivias nurture the relationship between the producers, appoint other convivia to attend to international events and organize events to try foods. The movement started in Bra, Italy the hometown of the founder, and then merged with another group in America that liked the ideas. The organization aimed at ensuring that the food does not cause harm to consumers but brings joy. The snail is the symbol of the movement as it moves slowly and eats during the journeys. The group undertakings aim at conservation of biodiversity in the food supply, train on taste and consolidate the producers and co-producers by conducting various events (Malatesta et al 5). The conservation of diversity comes amidst a period in which the world faces with the issues of convenience foods as well as agribusiness. Biodiversity reduces the spread of diseases between different plants as well as preserve soil fertility. It insists on the awareness of the general population on the safety of the food taken that is food should be free from contamination. The movement has about 80,000 members, which profoundly strengthens the movement, as it is accessible to all through its grassroots associates. The philosophy of the movement is the study of the quality of the food and taking the time to enjoy the food in a simple way to impart the daily life with joy (Malatesta et al 3). The movement considers consumers as co-producers because consumers they support the producers in preparation of food and usually get informed on food preparation. The movement obtains funds from various events, books and journal sales as well as the membership payments. The other sources of fund ing are the contributors or well-wishers, and institutions such as universities. The movement has an enormous budget distribution although it receives some subsides from the government book sales, membership payments (Malatesta et al 37). The philosophy of slow food is that food is more than just cooking and eating and that food should taste delicious, produced in a clean environment, and the producers should receive compliments for the good work (Malatesta et al 3). According to Julia Middleton, slow food is a concept, an approach of life and an approach of eating (Weir 10). Slow food educates the public on the production of healthy and wholesome food that is food prepared from the full raw materials. The major concerns within the movement circulate around good, clean and decent food to the co-producers. According to the book, the word good stands for delicious and nourishing food. The movement makes emphasis on the culture and the general population. The fair bit applies when the rich and the poor continue to enjoy healthy cooking and the farmers receive fair wages for their products (Weir 10). Clean indicates that the food sources for slow movement are safe and grown under proper agricultural practices (Weir 10). Most people within the community prefer local grown foods, as they are fresher than exported foods. Purchasing local food improves the local economy, protects green space, protect natural resources (Palmer 6). The movement carries out various projects in defense of biodiversity and members manage these projects around the globe (Malatesta, et al 10). Slow food utilizes the innovations and research projects from the food manufacturers and the traditional farmers (Malatesta, et al 11). Slow Food Movement has significant contributions to individuals and the community in general. Individually, the movement contributes to the good health and ensures that people eat food that contains the essential nutrients. The nutrients originate from the use

Understanding and Evaluating the Arts Essay Example for Free

Understanding and Evaluating the Arts Essay Art is subjective. It varies in recognition and identification, and translates differently from one individual to the next. Art can constitute the traditional slap of paint on canvass, or a drawing and sketch; to some people, it can also relate to something as arbitrary as the instance of a sunrise or sunset, and the ocean.. At most, the English journalist and art critic Jeanette Winterson considers art as a sublime element of humanity when she writes, â€Å"What art does is to coax us away from the mechanical and towards the miraculous. † (Winterson). In a general, and less incensed take on the subject matter, art is defined as the result of creative human activity composed of the ideology, opinons and particular persuasions of the artist or individual creating it. Under this definition, art is categorized into different forms such as painting, sculpture, architecture, photography, printmaking, cnceptual art, installation art, and performance art, among others (Barnes). But though art may vary in recognition and definition, the following works exist as a general example of what art constitutes, based from the aforementioned definitions of the subject. Painting While almost every painting by any renowned artist can easily qualify as art, the Russian born French painter, Marc Chagall perhaps best encapsulates, and immediately brings into attention arts capacity, as has been previously referred to by Winterson, to transfrom the mechanical into the miraculous. His paintings, which mostly consist of dream-like elements, of lovers and angels afloat, among other things, affirms arts capacity to gravitate people towards the miraculous. This is made even more evident in I and the Village (1911) in which Chagall paints a a picture of his childhood home where churches, houses, farm animals, and people from his community intertwine, in varying shapes, shades and colors. He takes the mundane and the routine instance of life in his village, or any village for that matter, and translates it into a vivid, pulsating portrait of one as he sees it in his head, evoking a sublime sentiment on the part of people viewing it. Sculpture Ssculptures have always held a prominent part in the art world. One of the most prominent of which is Michelangelos Pieta (1499) in which the Italian artist is able to translate into marble a portrait of Mary holding the mortal body of Jesus Christ in her arms. Every intricate detail such as the creases on the virgins robes and the way by which Christs limp body falls on her lap, the expression on both Mary and Christs face, and most importantly the likeness of the marble sculptures to real bodies, and the humanity which is evoked through the said piece of seemingly cold and inanimate object speaks volumes. And communicates a sentiment and ideology to people who perceive of it, which is what most great art is about. Architecture Antoni Gaudi immediately comes to mind when the subject of architecture and art is concerned. Gaudis inspired architectural designs, again affirms us of arts capacity to rescue or release us from the mechanical drag of the routine. And buildings, in their mundane and uniform dullness is probably the last thing to come to mind, when one mentions art. But Gaudi is able to do so, to transform buildings into something which could be deemed as an artform, through his architectural genius, and the less than common, aesthetic appeal which he endows every building with. Examples of these are Sagrada Familia (1926), Casa Mila (1912) and the wonderful, fantasy-castle type sublime restoration of a building that is the Casa Batllo (1907). Photography Taking effective photographs which convey meaning and evoke particular sentiments is more than just about ponting and shooting. Edward Weston transcends the mere act of documentation that is photography to an art form. His portraits of female bodies in the nude (1923-1945) in their seeming black and white mutedness, instead of being automatically dismissed as pornography, is treated as exactly the opposite. Weston is able to convey in the said series of photographs, the fragility and sacredness of the human body. Each picture overwhelms with emotion and a seeming fullness of idea in every shot. It transcends mere documentation and gravitates towards the miraculousness which only art is able to afford. Printmaking Rembrandt Van Rijns Three Crosses (1653) exemplifies the art form that is printmaking. Althugh Rembrandt is better known for his paintings than his printmaking, Three Crosses is given the same regard. The etching relates another religious episode, in which Jesus is pinned at the cross, two murderers crucified like himself joins him in welcoming death. A group of people stand huddled at their feet, and the rest of the picture exists in a play of light and shadows. The print evokes and conveys the drama of Christs crucifixion and communicates the artists vision and interpretation on the subject. Conceptual Art Art which isnt confined to aesthetic values, but in presenting and evoking an alternative ideology and consciousness, Marcel Duchamps Fountain (1917) illustrates and exemplifies exactly this. The said artform is a standard old-fashioned urinal which the author salvaged form obscurity, signed his name on, and entered in an exhibition. Despite not being well received, the controversy exacted by the piece provoked people to into considering other forms of art, which is what art is also about, it encourages us to broaden our horizons, and depart from what we are typically aware of and confined to. Installation Art Liza Lous Kitchen, in its ode to the routine and the mundane space which most every women work with, or work in at least once everyday transforms peoples view regarding it. Rendered into a marvelous number of million glass beads of different shapes and colors, the result is anything less than â€Å"miraculous,† which was what Jeanetter Winterson was ultimately referring to in the quotation in the initial part of this paper, Liza Lous work on Kitchen takes a piece of the mundane and the mechanical, and transforms it to something that can only be regarded as miraculous, or in less flamboyant words: art. Performance Art Jackson Pollocks incensed abstract-action painting can be categorized as performance art, the manner by which he lays out a canvass on the floor and proceeds to splatter copious and beautiful amount of paint over it, more than the end visual product, is an art form in itself. His incensed take on painting and the physical outpouring of artistic energy which coarses through every part of his body, makes the medium by which he creates his art, another art form altogether. References Barnes, Bernardine. â€Å"Art. † Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2008 from http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761556523/Art. html Weston, Edward. â€Å"Nudes. † Retrieved 15 February 2008 from http://www. edward-weston. com/edward_weston. htm Winterson, Jeannete. â€Å"Visual Arts: Liza Lou. † Retrieved 15 February 2008 from http://www. jeanettewinterson. com/pages/content/index. asp? PageID=383 â€Å"Gaudi Battlo House. † Retrieved 15 February 2008 from http://www. gaudiallgaudi. com/AA006. htm â€Å"Marc Chagall: I and The Village. † The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved 15 February 2008 from http://www. moma. org/collection/browse_results. php? object_id=78984 â€Å"Pieta by Michelangelo. † RomaViva. Retrieved 15 February 2008 from http://www. romaviva. com/Vaticano/pieta-michelangelo_eng. htm â€Å"The Three Crosses. † Rijk Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2008 from HYPERLINK http://www. rijksmuseum. nl/aria/aria_assets/RP-P-1962-39? lang=en HYPERLINK http://www. rijksmuseum. nl/aria/aria_assets/RP-P-1962-

Role Of Nurse Promoting Health

Role Of Nurse Promoting Health This essay will look at the role of the nurse in promoting health of female adults (25-45) in terms of sexual health and behaviour. It will give definitions of Sexual health and promotion, which will also cover areas such as health models in relation to sexual health and behaviour. It will give an overview of what the role of the sexual health nurse is and throughout the essay relate the nurse and their importance to promoting sexual health. The essay provides government initiatives that are being set in place to highlight the issues surrounding this age group and that show how these affect this specific age group. With this particular client group, which is the female adult, will look at Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and what control measures and interventions are being put in place to lower the rate in Scotland. The Royal College of Nursing (Royal College of Nursing. 2000) defines sexual health as the physical, emotional, psychological, social and cultural well-being of a persons sexual identity and the capacity and freedom to enjoy and express sexuality without exploitation, oppression, physical or emotional harm. Sexual health is also a term used to associate sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV or AIDS. Whereas an individuals sexuality is shaped by their environment, self-concept, health or disability. This in the role of nursing means that sexual health nurses must take a holistic view of the individual when assessing the clients needs. To focus solely on the sexual behaviour of the individual , ignores the influence of the wider social context we live in. Each society is structured by dominant gender roles, ideologies and power inequalities that appear to prescribe certain expectations and assumptions about what is Normal or Natural sexual expression for men and women (Dallos et al. 1997). In society today with this specific age group there are large differences than that of a generation ago. There are more individuals marrying later and substantially more marriages ending in divorce. This for an older population means more individuals possibly being with more partners than what was deemed as respectable a generation ago and seeking new relationships with different partners after ending marriages. These changes to society bring an increased number of individuals with sexual health issues and a growing number of sexually transmitted diseases. Mace (1974) defines sexual health as being a combination of the somatic, emotional, intellectual and social aspects of sexuality which enhances personality, communication and wellbeing, giving the individual an enriching positive experience. There are three basic elements of sexual health, which are, the capacity to enjoy sexual and reproductive behaviour in accordance with a social and personal ethic. Freedom from fear, shame, guilt, false beliefs and other psychological responses, freedom from impaired sexual relationships and freedom from organic disorders, disease and deficiencies that interfere with sexual and reproductive functions. All individuals consider sexual health and wellbeing differently, this is usually determined by their own sexual experiences and /or by their interactions within the healthcare system. Within the healthcare system there are nurse led sexual health clinics. These clinics are run by specialist nurses in sexual health and are available to any individual seeking advice or guidance in relation to their sexual health needs. These clinics provide patients/clients with one stop specialist sexual health screening, family planning advice, sexual transmitted infection tests which when results are given can also provide prescribed medication that can be given free of charge. They can also use a referral system for counselling and hospital admission. Sexual health is a sensitive area, set in a rapidly changing society and health care system. Providing sexuality and sexual health care can be an intimate process. Scotland has a history of poor sexual health with rising incidents of STIs, which include HIV. The sexual health nurse practitioner must have the skills to give the client the best informed care available. There is an abundance of research studies available to the sexual health nurse in improving their knowledge and the latest changes to policy and procedures within the NHS healthcare system. Taking a holistic view approach to the individual sexual wellbeing but at the same time recognising the individuals diversity of moral, cultural and ethical view of their sexual health. The skills involved in this area are, being able to identify the needs and priorities of the individual. Being able to set aims and objectives that are acceptable and which are seen as a reachable target by the individual. The sexual health nurse must always include the client in all decision making, consulting and negotiation of the client needs and care. This cannot be obtained unless the practitioner has up to date knowledge of policies and available resources within the clients graphical area. Being ab le to plan, act and evaluate the care and treatment of the individual, is vital in the aim of empowering the individual to gain control of their sexual health. But of the most vital skills required, is a skill that is used across all areas of nursing, which is communication, without this the client will not feel trust and care, thus will not improve their health. There are staff training and development programmes in all services that address sexual health issues as appropriate to the needs of the client group. This includes services for which sexual health is not a main priority. Staff should be expected to be knowledgeable, supportive and non-judgmental in their approach to clients. Using evidence-based knowledge which is available through a varied means of learning, gives the sexual health nurse up to date insights on changes and recommendations of daily practices within the sexual health area of healthcare. With Scotland having the highest rate of unwanted pregnancies in Europe. Many sexual health statistics show the higher amounts of recorded STIs are in areas of the poorest population. Sexual health services in Scotland treat large numbers of young female adults with low cost interventions, but this has proved to be poorly developed due to under-investment, lack of strategic leadership and low prioritisation. These factors have resulted in a variance in accessibility and quality of services available to this clientele. With sexual health being a personal and sensitive area of health. There is still a stigma attached to the use of these services, that can result in the lack of public involvement and proves difficult to obtain a public voice. Scotland issued a national sexual health and relationship strategy. This was published as the Respect and Responsibility: strategy and action plan for improving sexual health in Scotland. This strategy was launched in January 2005, with the aim to enhance sexual health promotion, education and services provisions, which is now in its second phase (2008-2011). This is to address the wider societal issues related to sexual health with shifting cultural and behavioural change. The strategy has nine standards, that set out the initiative. The developments of the second stage includes a publication of an HIV Action Plan, that has prevention as its main core and commitment in providing treatment and care for all those who need it. All sexual health services performance will be monitored in each of the NHS Boards areas by the NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (NHS QIS). The government standards are not a set of rules but a guidelines for all NHS Boards to develop and improve sexual health services. The standards are set out as follows: Standard One A comprehensive range of specialist sexual health services is provided locally and that individuals with the greater need are treated as a priority. This means that each NHS board must provide a full range of sexual health services that will identify the needs of the local population and to prevent inequality within the area. These services must ensure a high quality of care within these services to reduce individual morbidity and maintain public health. Standard Two The public has access to accurate and consistent information about sexual health relevant to the clients needs. Access to accurate and unbiased information, this can only assist if the client attends the service facility or if information is made available within all doctors waiting rooms. Standard Three NHS boards ensure the development and delivery of integrated approaches to sexual health improvement, particularly in relation to young people. This standard is in relation to the role of the parent or carer and the positive influence that they assume there is between parent and child, but this is not always the case in most families and certainly not in the case of young adults over the age of twenty-five. Standard Four Individuals who are diagnosed with a STI, see an appropriately trained member of staff to organise partner notification (contact tracing). This would be an ideal strategy in the prevention of increased rates of STIs but we do not live in a society that is so open and understanding with each other. Standard Five Individuals attending for ongoing HIV care are offered high quality sexual and reproductive healthcare to improve personal wellbeing and to minimise the risk of transmitting infection to others. This will raise the quality of sexual and reproductive healthcare provided for this clientele. Standard Six Women receive safe termination of pregnancy with minimal delay, followed by contraceptive advice and psychological support. The Sexual health nurses role in this situation is to provide information on all contraceptive interventions and arrange for counselling if the client needs it. Standard Seven Men who have sex with men who are at risk of sexually transmitted hepatitis B are offered vaccination. Statistics show that homosexual men are 54% more likely to seek sexual health advice than a heterosexual male. Standard Eight All individuals have access to intrauterine and implantable contraception. These are more effective and the individual is not required to have continuous routine follow-ups until the expiry of the contraception. This can reduce the rate of unwanted pregnancies but eludes the need for education of the individuals sexual behaviour. Standard Nine All staff who deliver sexual health are adequately and appropriately trained. Sexual Health care like any other area of healthcare requires a high standard of competency, with a non-judgemental and sensitive approach towards the individual. The staff must also be aware of legal and local policies to protect the individual and their care. Sexual health is not just about clinical services. These services must make a contribution to the vast effort of promoting sexual health rather than just that of sexual behaviour. This may result in, these services only being beneficial to this client group, if they attend. But for those that are not fully aware of these confidential services, the only other means of finding out about these services is through the power of literature provided within doctors surgery waiting rooms or through advice and instruction from relationships with peers and family. This has a follow on effect to the quality and amount of sexual health and relationship education reaching Scotlands young female adults. Sexual health services such as Specialist Family Planning Clinics, Genito-Urinary Clinics, GPs, Chemists and Nurse Practitioners can provide sexual health services that the individual can use to access advice, information, contraception such as condoms, morning after pill to longer lasting contraception such as implant (Implanon), Contraception Injection or the IUD (Coil). These are measures to stop unwanted pregnancies but these services also provide screening for STIs with follow up assistance and guidance. Within these services, the sexual health nurse will provide the instruments for avoiding STIs, unwanted pregnancies and all screening and testing but they must also provide the individual with holistic health education. An individuals emotional, social and spiritual aspects of their health are just as important as the physical aspects. People learn best when they feel secure, the relevant and appropriate needs are met, they are actively involved and know and understand what has to be done to reach their goals set but most importantly they are respected as individuals in their own right. (Daines et al 1992) For the sexual health nurse, there are several models of nursing that can be used with the nursing practice of sexual health and behaviour. Beatties Model of health promotion offers a structural analysis of Health Promotion. Beattie suggests that there are four strategies of health promotion which are 1. Health persuasion. This is aimed at the individuals and is co-ordinated by the sexual health nurse and other members of the multidisciplinary team, to be persuaded and encouraged the individual to change to a healthier lifestyle. The sexual health nurses role is to be the expert or prescriber. Activities include advice and information. 2.Legislative action. This strategy protects the population by making healthier choices available. The sexual health nurse is the role of Custodian knowing what will aid the improvement of the individuals health. Activities could include policy work and lobbying. 3.Personal Counselling. The Sexual health nurse use their skills to empower the individual to have the confidence to take more control of their health. This intervention is client led with a focus on personal development. 4.Community Development. This strategy is similar to personal counselling, with the aim of seeking to empower or enhance the skills of the community with their sexual health with further education. Beatties model is a useful tool for the sexual health nurse because it can identify a clear framework for deciding a strategy but remind them that the choice of interventions can be influence by social and political aspects. (Beattie, 1991) Tannahills model of health promotion is extensively accepted by health care workers. Tannahills model takes a holistic view, showing that all three spheres of activities are entwined. The three spheres of Tannahills model are Health education, which emphasises on communication to enhance well-being and prevention of ill health through knowledge and attitudes. Prevention, by reducing or avoiding risk of disease or ill health through medical interventions. Health Protection, using legislative, fiscal or social measures in the bid to safeguard the populations health. This model suggests that all aspects are interrelated but they also reflect distinctive ways of looking at health issues and is descriptive of what goes on in practice but does not show why the sexual health nurse may chose one approach over another. (Downie et al 1996) There is also the Empowerment model by Tones, which its main principle is to enable individuals take and gain control over their own sexual health. Healthy Public policy + Health Education = Health Promotion, health promotion involves improving a populations health through improvement of their lifestyle (or behaviour), environment, and health policy. It prioritises empowerment as the core value and strategy underpinning and defining the practice of health promotion. The support of the individuals is also vital for implementing change. Tones model of empowerment enhances individual autonomy and enables individuals, groups and communities to take control of their sexual health. (Tones Tilford 2001) All the above models aid the sexual health nurse to think through the aims, implications of different strategies and their own role as the practitioner with a successful outcome. Health promotion has a full range of modifiable determinants of health which are not just concerned with only individual behaviours and lifestyles but other societal factors such as income, social status, education, employment, work conditions and also factors such as access to health services and their physical environment. These effect everyone throughout their lives and health. This is a ongoing challenge within health promotion for sexual health nurses. Using data collected from GUM clinic setting, between 2004-2008, it was observed that diagnosis of STIs, as an example Gonorrhoea infection had raised 77% within young adult females group. Even though this seems to be a large percentage of reported cases, Scotland is ranked ninth (for Gonorrhoea infection) in comparison to thirteen areas of the United Kingdom. Within Scotland, the Scottish Government are diligent in obtaining the national statistics in regards to sexual health as this give them a clearer insight on how to update and promote better health services available to the population. Scotlands statistics for STIs with young adult females (25-45). In the past five years (2004-2008) of data collection, there has been on average 3,388 reported cases and this covers eleven NHS Boards covering Scotland. Although data show that STIs, unintended pregnancy and abortion are more prevalent in those aged less than 25, these issues also affect older age groups. In 2008, individuals aged 25-44 comprised 40% of the workload in GUM clinics. While one third of all acute STI diagnoses made in the GUM clinic setting are attributed to this age group, over half of acute STIs among those aged over 25 are being diagnosed in the 25-29 year age group. (ISD 2009) There are many people in Scotland that experience positive sexual relationships and good sexual health but looking at the statistics, they show that there is a growing concern within the promotion of sexual health. The media has an impact on society and their choices. Sexual imagery is used in todays society as a tool to entice the consumer to spend money. It uses sex and relationships to emphasise stereotypes about different beliefs in activities and behaviours, usually in a way that ignores the risks associated with sexual behaviours, and has contributed to the casual attitudes to sexual issues are risk free and acceptable. But, the media can be a powerful tool in regards to getting the important messages of sexual health out to the public and can also be an incentive tool in recruiting individuals to help with government campaigns to change the attitudes of the younger generations view of sexual health. In conclusion, the sexual health nurse is a varied role in society, with the ongoing challenge of assisting the younger female adult obtain a good sexual health attitude and showing them how to promote good sexual health as peers. The government is working hard to raise Scotlands standards of sexual health for the individual and communities, which can aid the struggle of reducing the numbers of STIs reported across Scotland. All individuals have their own views of sexual health and healthcare services are there to give them more information, support and guidance on their sexual health needs. This, if nurtured can reduce statistics and for the next generation of Scotland be sexually healthier. Scotlands sexual health issues cannot be remedy overnight but with continuous improvement and availability of sexual health nurses and services, Scotland can look forward to a positive sexually healthier Scotland.

Small Business Development Can Beauty Parlour Marketing Essay

Small Business Development Can Beauty Parlour Marketing Essay This reflective report will describe my own role in helping the team to achieve its goal in relation to the Business plan. Also I will provide evidence of my involvement to the success of the team from the idea initiation and how I facilitated the completion of the Business plan. It started like this, I was arranged in a group of three members, a team with other group mates which were all new to me. Although we were in a same class since the beginning of the course but I was not close to them. Our group seems to understand each other quickly because of the good communication. We always solved easily problems encountered through out the exercise. As a group we were performed different tasks in making a business plan. The aim of this business is to acquire a loan from a bank, so as to help our salon CAN Beauty Parlor to start the business in relation to capital and assets. Afsa was responsible for the marketing , Christine had a task of future beauty fashions operations as well as identifying the competitors and I was responsible for preparing financial projections through the input from Afsa and Chrisstine The report also illustrates the Team work, our mutual interest as a group, idea initiation process and the experience achieved from presenting the business plan and as well as my personal views towards the whole business plan. The business plan has allowed us to work as a group and also learn of the industry as a whole and we were able to apply the academic theories we learned throughout our course . 1 TEAM WORK CAN beauty parlor came to be a perfect choice of our mutual interest of the whole group. Our group consistent of three people eager to carry out our tasks in relation to the writing the business plan. We started by splitting the tasks so that we could have competition to see who achieve the task goals as we planned. My team included Afsa Bhanji, Christine Mkwawa and myself We as a group were allocated different tasks in order to form the business plan. Afsa was responsible for the marketing, Christine had to analyse the industry and identify the competitors and I was responsible for preparing financial projections through the input from colleagues of our beauty parlor The three of us were not conversant with each other although we have been studying in the same college for some years. and we were not engaging in regular conversation during the classes so it was not easy for us to work as a team. But all three of us had an interest in setting up a beauty outlet where people will come and get quality service different from others. We came over Five stages of group development; i.e forming, norming, storming, performing and adjourning. Although the norming stage took a while but after knowing each other well the rest of the stages went much easier. As we have now completed our business plan we have finished up the adjourning stage. Christine , enjoys regular visiting most of the famous salons in town. She is a beauty lover and is always up to date with the upcoming fashions. She has contacts with several people that performs beauty at different venues in Dar es Salaam. Her strength is awareness of popular beauty trends. Afsa too is a beauty lover. Her beauty interest includes of nails, hair , and skin. She currently participated in a beauty contest in Tanzania her strength is being well conversant in the beauty industry. Myself, I dont have much interest in beauty but I love running a hotel my strength in this exercise was identifying the opportunity as I related the organic restaurant by seeing the opportunity of opening a salon using natural beauty products. We worked as a team with acknowledgement of everyones contribution related to the tasks, we coordinated and make sure we achieved our goals. 2 PROCESS OF IDEA INITIATION Our team wanted to initiate an idea which will be effective and being able to achieve the goals in the business we planned as a our group. As a team we all put forward suggestions to come over one effective Idea. Industry situation of the current market was our first priority before choosing the idea. Our discussion included:- 1. An Organic Restaurant The idea was good as the Industry is very profitable, as there is no many such restaurants which makes the business less competitive. But we hesitated getting into this business as all of us had any experience on the said business. Then we dropped the idea. 2. Dry cleaning Business . Several dry cleaners are operating in the markets. People today require this service to make their life easier. But due to investment costs to buy the modern machines and due the lack of experience in that field we deduct chose the idea. 3. Beauty Parlor. The final choice was to open a beauty salon. The whole idea was a bit difficult as how our project will succeed while they is a fleet of salon in Tanzania. We came out with the Idea of differencing ourselves from other by opening a Beauty Salon by using Natural Beauty Products. Our final choice which was a beauty Parlor was an interest of the whole group. process of idea initiation has been very difficult to us as we had to take risk by introducing natural beauty products which is the new product in the beauty industry. What we had to do was laying out strategies and make sure we implemented them accordingly. 3 PRESENTATION EXPERIENCE Presenting the CAN Beauty parlour to our tutor allowed us to see the other side of our business plan. After passing through the pages of the written business plan; obvious would come out with several questions to the parts that needs more elaboration. We were informed of executive summary was too brief as doesnt show everything in our business plan, we were needed to elaborate a bit more. We were also needed to draw a graph showing the break even point. Presentation always adds weight to the Business plan as the investors may have a clear picture as the presents will be able to deliver what is need from the investors, question will be answered and criticism can be responded during the exercise of presentation. Presentation is a good experience as the panel can ask questions and need elaborations as we can communicate orally which will hell the business man to defend the projections written in the business plan. 4 ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO The beauty Industry is tightly come but only self I can optimistic to the group of our Beauty Parlour as per business plan. As we differentiated ourselves by using the natural products our business will be able to increase its profit by 5% every year as we projected in our financial parts. The services we offer will attract many people as the product are new in this Industry. Our service will be delivered by professional staff which will make our parlour more popular once customers experience our services. Another factor that greatly effects our growth is our initial geographic location. CAN beauty parlour will be located in Masaki near the shopping mall and tourist hotel. Our target market is a small portion of the population compromising of the middle and high income earners who are either employed or operate their own business. Our initial location will tend to gain the business of these customers due to the traffic. Lastly, the demand for healthy beauty products we will be able to make a good business as the health concern is the major issue among the people living in urban areas 5 ACADEMIC THEORIES IN THE BUSINESS PLAN We were able to apply to our project a shared leadership once we divided our team in three different parts according to the tasks we were able to take responsibilities for different parts of the business plan. We learned that everyone can work towards a common goal and there is no need to be just one separate leader.   Every member has a share in helping to lead the group. With the experience of leadership we also showed the importance of being ethical leaders, Ethical leadership is very important in any organization. . We were also able to analyse the current situation of the beauty industry attractiveness and profitability by using Michael Porters five forces. The Business plan was a great example for us to apply our knowledge of our academic theories. Our small group was able to make our business plan very effective since we had meetings every week we were able to keep it going without much toil. Another topic which came to our help is the SWOT analysis this frame work helped us to identify our competitors and where our firm stand by identifying our strengths and weaknesses, and also the business model the use off differentiation strategies here we displayed our competitive advantage using the natural beauty products which is different from our competitors. The use of the those theories helped us to increase our knowledge as we applied the in the real situation and see it working. By using the roles in making the business plan will help us a lot in our effort to make our job easier in the future. . 6 ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATION OF BUSINESS PLAN The main importance of the business plan is the industry analysis as well as market plan. It is through the industry analysis that businessman will be able to fully known the current market situations and also thoroughly identify it competitors. The industry analysis allows an entrepreneur to initiate the first decision whether to enter the market as well as the final.. A well written Business Plan is the true picture of any business because it gives details on how you plan to serve your customers and retain them. The Business Plan is important to any business as it is based in operation and management plans. Referring to our business plan the Industry analysis is will give our business an advantage to fully view the current market situation and thoroughly Identifies our competitors, and also help in knowing our competitive advantage which in this case is the differentiation strategy on our services using the natural Beauty Products. A well written Business Plan make implementation of strategies easier and helps to increase business market share. But the disadvantage could be As we projected that our financial growth will be 5% every year, this will be actionable if the implementation of the strategies will be as planned. Comparing to the actual operation the projected growth in the business plan could be wrong. 7 OTHER AREAS AND CONCLUSION The overall process of developing the business plan was very challenging. As different individuals are involved, it is difficult to come up with one point of view and hence there can be a few of disagreements and then to see the situation again and come to the final decision. I enjoyed making the business plan of the CAN Beauty Parlor with my team members. In the process, I learnt a lot of things about the Salon industry in our country. We took up the chance of introducing the salon services by using the natural products and we are certain that the business will achieve growth or expansion in the future. Conclusions I have benefited from the Business Plan writing in a number of ways: 1. I enjoyed making the business plan of the CAN Beauty Parlor with my team members. In the process, I learnt a lot of things about the Salon industry in our country 3. The overall process of developing the business plan was very challenging . Areas of Improvement I think that the Business Plan writing can be of greater relevance if more time is allowed for sitting together as a team. I have I now realize that getting business done as projected requires much more knowledge and practice of a written Business Plan Lastly, I would like to thank Afsa for her cooperation throughout the exercise in the team and whenever I was stuck she gave me advice, she was always there to give me a hand.. 8

Proper Use of Police Discretion Essay -- Understanding discretion in p

"Proper use of discretion is probably the most important measure of a police officer or department." -- Rich Kinsey (retired police detective) Police officers are faced each day with a vast array of situations with which they must deal. No two situations they encounter are ever the same, even when examines a large number of situations over an extended period of time. The officers are usually in the position of having to make decisions on how to handle a specific matter alone, or with little additional advice and without immediate supervision. This is the heart of police discretion. As we shall find, the exercise of discretion by police has benefits and problems associated with such exercise. The unfettered use of discretion can lead to the denial of citizen rights. Strategies that control the use of discretion are, therefore, very important. The benefits and problems of police discretion and controlling strategies are the focus of this essay. In law enforcement, discretion is left up to each police officer to make responsible and reasonable decisions on situations while in the field. A police officer will have no choice but to use discretion in certain situations and make decisions on what type of force or punishment is necessary for the situations. Many people in the society always believe that police officers can make any decision they wish to at any time while working. This is very wrong because there are situations whereby a police officer or even the chief of police has no other choice, but to follow the law in making decisions. The role of the police administrator is double challenging because, he/she must determine how best to use discretion as well as encourage or dissuade discretion by subordinate members ... ...because when discretion is exercised appropriately, it makes the law just. Works Cited Bonaparte, N. (2012). Zimmerman/Martin Investigation. CTSGV Sanford Florida Government. Web. 26 April 2015. http://www.sanfordfl.gov/investigation/docs/Zimmerman_Martin_shooting.pdf Coalition to Stop Gun Violence. (2011). Shoot First Law. CTSGV Web. 26 April 2015. http://www.csgv.org/issues-and-campaigns/guns-democracy-and-freedom/shoot-first-laws Gleason, T. (2006, November). Ethics Training for Police. The Police Chief Voice, 73, 11. Reaves, J. (2002). Person of the Week: Charles A. Moose. Time. Web. 26 April 2015. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,363860,00.html Rich Kinsey is a retired Ann Arbor police detective sergeant AnnArbor.com Web. 26 April 2015. http://www.annarbor.com/news/discretion-is-the-measure-of-a-police-officer/

Essay --

Entry 3: Week One of Project All educational experiences should empower students to feel that they can make a difference in this world. Those were the first words out of my project mentor’s mouth. The Speech & Debate team is lead by Mr. Tray Smith. He recounted to me how when he was a high school kid he was shy and quiet. Mr. Smith’s high school freshman year English teacher recognized impressiveness in his character encouraging him to join the Speech & Debate team. Mr. Smith quickly felt as if he was a part of something that held significance. He greatly enjoys the preparation leading to events at the school where he now teaches. So on that note, this first week we concentrated on how I might participate. I informed him about my requirement for the course project so he would put me to work in earnest. He immediately began to coach me. It is imperative that students feel they have something important to say having the confidence to share it with you as well as with their peers. So the goal is to m ake them feel at ease. Recognize it is reasonable for them to stumble every now and then. Humility is also a core characteristic of the team. Many successful programs are also known for being a bit pretentious. As our team increasingly gains success, a gracious, humble attitude becomes more important to display. Being a member of our team requires a high level of motivation and some serious goal setting. So don’t hesitate to challenge them. They are accustomed to critique on their speeches. Other high school activities cater to a specific skill set. What helps keep students engaged is that there is something for everyone within this environment. Therefore, in forensics everyone is able to find an event at which they can excel. The man... ...nherent via the fact that the enemy is aware our government is employing surveillance. The revelation by Edward Snowden, to some extent, puts people on notice as to the capabilities the government has to track the enemy down. Neg references a poll done by the Pew Research Center where they found there are no indications that Edward Snowden’s revelations have altered fundamental public views about the tradeoff between investigation of possible terrorism and protection of personal privacy (Pew Research Center, 2013). Still 62% of Americans â€Å"say it is more important for the federal government to investigate possible terrorist threats, even if that intrudes on personal privacy† (Pew Research Center, 2013). America has reduced its exposure to potential attacks and we are all the better for it not worse. Tomorrow we will continue with the Aff position on this subject.

The Problem with Internet Addiction :: Internet Online Communication Essays

The Problem with Internet Addiction The Internet is a social technology, but the effect it has on face to face relationships can potentially be very detrimental. Like any activity, the Internet takes up a person’s time; the amount of time varies depending on the person’s level of addiction. Often this time usage could be spent bettering face to face relationships. It is not uncommon for an Internet user to begin to replace their face to face relationships with those formed on the Internet. By doing this they often negatively affect their lives. The HomeNet Project, a study on the psychological effects done through Carnegie Mellon University, shows that Internet usage often leads to a decline in social groups (Kraut, Lundmark, Patterson, Kiesler, Mukopadhyay, Scherlis). â€Å"Long hours spent on-line undercut our local social support network; this isolation promotes psychological trouble† (Stoll). The family is another group that is affected by the Internet. The HomeNet Project also shows that usage is related to declines in family interaction (Kraut). In a society that often tries to push our politicians to focus on family values and expects our phone commercials to incorporate relationships with friends, the Internet may be the opposition. If people are looking to improve their relational bonds with those close to them, they should consider stepping away from the computer screen and spending time with their friends and family. Many reasons exist as to why the Internet negatively affects face to face relationships. The wasting of time is one; the loss of social skills is another. Social skills are learned through experience and reactions to body language (Stoll). The internet can not provide either of these. Trust is often partly derived from a person’s vulnerability. Without being physically near a person, physical vulnerability is lost and thus so is a great deal of trust (Dreyfus). The computer screen can sometimes act as a shield against the physical vulnerability (Dreyfus). In that way the computer can become a safe haven to those seeking relationships without the hardships of face to face contact. A marriage guidance organization out of Britain called Relate has found that the Internet may be causing marriage problems and even break- ups (Frean). â€Å"Husbands and wives complain of becoming Internet widowers or widows after being left to sit alone as a partner spends hours at the computer messaging strangers in chat rooms, downloading music and games, or looking at pornography† (Frean).

Visionary Leadership In Health Health And Social Care Essay

In much of the underdeveloped universe, there is a broad spread between what has been achieved and what is desired in wellness. Technologies are available to turn to the assorted wellness concerns which may assist in accomplishing the many health-related ends. But this has non happened. The World Health Organisation ‘s ( WHO ) Framework for Action[ 1 ]underscores the importance of beef uping wellness systems to better wellness results. There is a demand to stress the function of establishment edifice in wellness systems in so that entree and quality of available wellness services can be improved[ 2 ]. However, a losing piece of this triangulation of critical factors for accomplishing coveted wellness results may good be found in a airy leading. In Section Two of this chapter, a instance is made for beef uping leading in wellness as the success in bettering wellness has been unequal. Advancement has been slow in accomplishing several health-related Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) every bit good as turn toing catching or non-communicable diseases or wellness sector reforms. Most reappraisals of advancement have showed a deficiency of leading and political will, and argued for greater leading that could take to enhanced policy attending and resources which would ensue in targeted effectual plans or accomplishing planetary criterions such as the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . The demand for beef uping leading is non new or limited to developing states. In 1994, Milbank Memorial Fund organized a meeting around â€Å" leading in public wellness †[ 3 ]. In the debut of the study, Daniel M. Fox and William L. Roper sum up the positions of participants and writers as follows: The writers of these documents agree that jobs of leading contribute to the trouble of doing and implementing policy to better the wellness of the American populace. By leading they mean the capacity of professionals to work efficaciously during long callings in a assortment of organisations that command resources and favourable attending from elected functionaries and the general populace. The writers, along with many of their co-workers among senior public wellness professionals, believe that more effectual leading would better the interlingual rendition of bing cognition about the bar and control of disease into policies that lead to longer and healthier lives. Leaderships can do a difference, as discussed in Section Three of this chapter. A instance of a leader doing a difference in the operation of wellness Centre in a province in India is presented. Many such illustrations abound in the literature[ 4 ]. A recent illustration of leading ‘s function in Senegal ‘s determination to offer free wellness attention is discussed. What do leaders necessitate to make? While a deficiency of equal resources is frequently mentioned as a cardinal barrier to accomplishing better consequences but illustrations in Section Four contradict this. We foremost discuss an illustration where a adult female ‘s life was saved despite gestation complications. The experience of Sri Lanka with cut downing maternal mortality shows what can be achieved in resource-constrained scenes. Similarly, several states have achieved singular success in change by reversaling or forestalling spread of HIV including Thailand, Uganda and Senegal. Practices which led to their success have been analyzed by UNAIDS. We map these patterns through a leading position taking to results of shared vision, aligned values, coordinated practices/ behaviours and leveraged resources of the wellness system. This is the result leaders need to accomplish.Inadequate Progress in Bettering Health: Case for Strengthened LeadershipThe Millennium Development Goal sIn 2000, the 189 United Nations Member States met at the Millennium Summit and adopted eight ends and 18 marks to battle poorness, hungriness, disease, favoritism against adult females, debasement of land, and illiteracy. The universe development community is challenged to accomplish MDGs by 2015. The Millennium Declaration ( paras 11 and 12 ) provinces[ 5 ]: â€Å" We will save no attempt to liberate our fellow work forces, adult females and kids from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of utmost poorness, to which more than a billion of them are presently subjected. We are committed to doing the right to development a world for everyone and to liberating the full human race from privation. We resolve hence to make an environment – at the national and planetary degrees – which is contributing to development and to the riddance of poorness. † Three of the eight MDGs are wellness related ends ( Table 1 ) : kid mortality ( MDG 4 ) , maternal wellness ( MDG 5 ) and HIV/AIDS ( MDG 6 ) . In add-on, gender ( MDG 3 ) is a cross-cutting issue that impacts many wellness issues including the three above. Other MDGs such as poorness and instruction have a strong correlated relationship with the societal determiners of wellness. Table 1. The Millennium Development Goals No Goals 1 Eradicate utmost poorness and hungriness 2 Achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction 3 Promote gender equality and empower adult females 4 Reduce kid mortality 5 Improve maternal wellness 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7 Ensure environmental sustainability 8 Develop a planetary partnership for development Beginning: UN. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011Inadequate Progress towards Health Millennium Development GoalsA speedy reappraisal in 2004 reveals that most states were non on path to make wellness related MDGs. Harmonizing to the World Bank[ 6 ], South Asia was off path on six ends: gender equality, cosmopolitan primary school completion, kid mortality, maternal mortality, catching diseases and sanitation. East Asia and the Pacific part as a whole were away path on kid mortality, maternal mortality and catching diseases. Merely about a 4th of all states in the South and East Asia and the Pacific were on path to accomplish under-five mortality rate where merely 9.7 per centum people in South Asia and 17.4 per centum people in East Asia and the Pacific part live in these states. This state of affairs is even worse for maternal mortality, where less than 15 per centum of the states were on path to make this end. Although recent estimations for kid mortality vary, appraisals have highlighted that several states are off-track to accomplish the MDG 4 which calls for a two-thirds decrease in mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages between 1990 and 2015. It is estimated that world-wide mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages has dropped from 11.9 million deceases in 1990 to 7.7 million deceases in 2010, a per twelvemonth diminution of approximately 2.1 % compared to 4.4 % per twelvemonth needed to accomplish MDG 4[ 7 ]. Examination of distribution of annual rates of alteration in under-5 mortality shows that the MDG 4 mark of decrease rate of 4.4 % per twelvemonth corresponds to public presentation of states at the 67 percentile degree ; clearly a stretch mark. This distribution of advancement for kid mortality besides highlights that explosions of rapid diminution are possible. The survey by Rajratnam et Al. ( 2010 ) suggests that, â€Å" For illustration, 66 states have decreased child mor tality by more than 30 % in merely 5 old ages during the period of this survey † . Such singular diminution provides hope that accelerated advancement is possible. These robust estimations of mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages show that accelerated diminutions are happening in several low income states. These positive developments suggest that the advancement can be accelerated in hapless states but may necessitate to turn to leading challenges taking to heighten policy attending and resources which would consequences in targeted effectual plans. The MDG 5 purposes to better maternal wellness with a end of cut downing maternal mortality ratio ( MMR ) , figure of maternal deceases per 100,000 unrecorded births, by 75 % between 1990 and 2015. It therefore seeks to accomplish a 5.5 % one-year diminution in MMR from 1990. The recent UN study[ 8 ]estimated that globally the one-year per centum diminution in MMR between 1990 and 2008 was merely 2.3 % , less than half of what is needed to accomplish the MDG 5. An estimated 358,000 maternal deceases occurred worldwide in 2008, a 34 % diminution from the degree of 1990. The UN Report goes on to state, â€Å" The modest and encouraging advancement in cut downing maternal mortality is likely due to increased attending to developing and implementing policies and schemes aiming increased entree to effectual intercessions. Such attempts need to be expanded and intensified to speed up advancement towards cut downing the still really broad disparities between developing and developed states . † We will subsequently on discourse how Sri Lanka was able to halve their MMR in approximately 7 to 10 old ages and associate it to how leading challenges were addressed. Advancement at this gait in cut downing MMR would hold been equal to accomplish the MDG 5. This clearly shows that much needed leading was non forthcoming. Nowhere is the influence of leading more seeable than for HIV/AIDS plans, peculiarly by people populating with HIV ( PLHIV ) . The consequences are seeable in advancement towards a mark of MDG 6 which aims to â€Å" Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. † The UN study[ 9 ]on advancement towards MDG 6 suggests that against the mark – to halve infections by 2015 and get down to change by reversal the spread of HIV/AIDS – the spread of HIV appears to hold stabilized in most parts, and more people on antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) are lasting longer. The study says, â€Å" The latest epidemiological information indicates that, globally, the spread of HIV appears to hold peaked in 1996, when 3.5 million people were freshly infected. By 2008, that figure had dropped to an estimated 2.7 million. † However, much more is required for quickly cut downing the new infections. Advancement is besides seeable towards the 6th mark – have halted by 2015 and begun to change by reversal the incidence of malaria and other major diseases – mostly driven by external attending and resources as evinced by formation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria. The UN study says, â€Å" Sustained malaria control is cardinal to accomplishing many of the MDGs, and available informations show important advancement in scaling up bar and intervention attempts. † The study concludes, † more attending demands to be given to guaranting success in big states that account for most malaria instances and deceases if the MDG mark is to be reached. † The external influence on big states is likely to be restrained and more vigorous in-country leading is needed to turn to disease load due to malaria. The advancement on TB is edging frontward as incidence rate per capita continues to worsen easy. The UN study concludes, â€Å" If current tendencies are sustained, the universe as a whole will hold already achieved the MDG mark of halting and change by reversaling the incidence of TB in 2004. † However, because of deficiency of entree to high quality attention, TB remains a 2nd of import cause for the figure of people it kills. In 2008, 1.8 million people died from this disease. The MDGs passed the 12th twelvemonth grade in 2012 and there are three old ages to travel before the mark twelvemonth 2015. There has been progress but it has been uneven and patchy. For case, where there have been motions towards accomplishments of MDG marks, there was grounds that leading was vigorous and contributed towards actions for coveted wellness results. So, this is the chance and leading challenge for accomplishing MDGs by 2015.Non-Communicable DiseasesAlthough no specific MDGs were set for non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) , they are a cause of the bulk of deceases, and the planetary disease load of NCDs is increasing. The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance say[ 10 ]that there is a demand to make a sustained planetary engagement against premature deceases and preventable morbidity and disablement from NCDs, chiefly bosom disease, shot, malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. It proposed five overarching precedence actions for the response to the crisis – leading, bar, intervention, international cooperation, and monitoring and answerability – and the bringing of five precedence intercessions – baccy control, salt decrease, improved diets and physical activity, decrease in risky intoxicants intake, and indispensable drugs and engineerings. The study goes on to state, â€Å" The first cardinal action for success is strong and sustained political leading at the higher national and international degrees†¦ .. Individual title-holders and politicians will besides necessitate to take a leading function. The wellness sector has a prima function in reacting to NCDs but many other authorities sectors including finance, agribusiness, foreign personal businesss and trade, justness, instruction, urban design and conveyance, have to be portion of the whole-of-government response, along with civil society and private sector. † Clearly the wellness plan leading of NCDs would hold to travel beyond their zone of influence to these other sectors.Health SectorHealth sector is confronting many challenges due to medical progresss every bit good as rapid epidemiological and economic passages, although their nature and strength vary from state to state. All wellness systems are fighting to incorporate costs while bettering wellne ss equity. Such a state of affairs, in bend, poses many challenges for leaders of wellness sector. An independent Commission on the Education of Health Professionals for the twenty-first Century called for a 3rd coevals of wellness professionals that should be system-based to better the public presentation of wellness systems[ 11 ]. The acquisition of wellness professionals need to travel from enlightening to formative to transformative acquisition. Enlightening acquisition is about geting cognition and accomplishments. Formative acquisition is about socialising pupils around values ; its intent is to bring forth professionals. Transformative acquisition is about developing leading attributes ; its intent is to bring forth enlightened alteration agents. The ultimate intent is to guarantee cosmopolitan coverage of the high quality comprehensive services that are indispensable to progress chance for wellness equity within and between states. Health sector reforms require non merely top degree political leading but besides leading of wellness sector at assorted degrees. This calls for leading to do a difference in wellness and, thereby, accelerate advancement in accomplishing MDGs.Leaderships Can Make a DifferenceLeaderships can make itCase study 1: Chainpur Primary Health Centre, Jharkhand, India The Chainpur primary wellness Centre ( PHC ) is located about three kilometres from the territory infirmary in Palamu territory of Jharkhand province in India[ 12 ]. In 2006, the PHC was in bad form. Grass had grown in the PHC compound and the manus pump had rusted from non-use. Very few people used the PHC services. Dr. A, medical officer in-charge ( MOIC ) , and his co-worker, Dr. G felt that non much could be done. â€Å" Who will come to Chainpur when you can travel to territory infirmary in 20 proceedingss? â€Å" , they said to a sing squad from an academic institute to discourse engagement of Dr. A in a leading development and organisation effectivity plan ( LDOE ) being launched with support from a giver. Despite his reserves, Dr. A agreed to take part. Through two round tables of preparation and during follow-up by LDOE squad, several thoughts for betterment were discussed and routinely rejected as it was felt that â€Å" non much could be done † . However, Drs. A and G began to experience that something should be done. As a portion of the preparation, Dr. A participated in advanced leading preparation in Malaysia and was inspired by the operation of the Malaysian wellness system during a field visit. Dr. A motivated his co-worker Dr. G that they would seek to better the PHC. As financess were available from the National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) , their first effort was to better the so moribund bringing room. Women ‘s feedback was used to better quality of installations and do services user-friendly. For case, payment of inducements for institutional bringing under a national strategy was given before the adult females left for place after bringing. As territory infirmary was nigh, adult females with complications of gestation could be easy referred at that place. Consequently the figure of bringings increased significantly. The layout of outpatient waiting room was improved. Benchs were provided and a little Television and purified H2O dispenser was installed with community part. These and other steps, despite being modest in nature, led the District Health Officer to praise Chainpur PHC and urge other medical officers to see it and detect its operation. A journalist visited Chainpur PHC and wrote about it in a newspaper. This became a theoretical account known as ‘Chainpur Model ‘ in Palamu territory. Take Home Messages on leading: Chainpur PHC What did it take to originate a alteration? What did it take to do a alteration? What were the costs and benefits?Leaderships Can Get It DoneCase Study 2: How did Sierra Leone Provide Free Health Care? On 27 April 2010, Sierra Leone started free wellness attention for pregnant adult females, new female parents, and immature kids. John Donnelly took an in-depth expression at how the war-worn state managed it[ 13 ]. In November 2009, Koroma, the president of Sierra Leone announced at a givers ‘ conference in London that he is originating a free health-care program on 27 April 2010, merely five months off, which coincided with the 49th day of remembrance of the state ‘s independency from Great Britain. Now, one twelvemonth subsequently, the consequences are in: the free health-care program has well increased services for female parents, and peculiarly for kids. The figure of kids treated for malaria, for case, has approximately tripled from the old twelvemonth, a dramatic illustration of how the deficiency of money proved to be a barrier to attention. â€Å" What happened in Sierra Leone was breathtaking † , said Rob Yates, senior wellness economic expert at the UK ‘s Department of International Development ( DfID ) a month after the launch. Yates has advised several authoritiess in Africa on establishing free health-care enterprises. â€Å" In five months, they were able to make a systematic reform in the Sierra Leone wellness system † , he said. â€Å" They had leading that galvanized the whole system. We have n't realized the full importance of what they have done. The planning was more thorough than any I have seen. Other authoritiess can larn from Sierra Leone. † In Sierra Leone, the cardinal factor, harmonizing to those interviewed, was the president: he put the health-care directive at the top of his precedence list. Political will drove the procedure. Although giver community was ab initio loath, they were willing to follow. There were other important factors. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation, which was responsible for execution of the enterprise, was fortunate to hold cardinal leaders in proficient places, such as the main medical officer, the manager of generative wellness services, and the caput of human resources. They took on extra duties at a clip when the ministry was without a curate. This was critical to the success of the free wellness attention program. They motivated people and played the function of wellness diplomat. One of them, although cognizing what had to be done, did non follow a direct nature of taking. It was compromising, warm and friendly. It was, ‘Do you think we could make this? ‘ alternatively of ‘Why the snake pit has this non happened? † Another took on the function of ministry interpreter for free wellness attention. Merely before the launch of free wellness attention, he went on wireless shows and keep imperativeness conferences. Cardinal leaders in the ministry were assigned territories and each travelled to the countries a twosome of yearss before the launch. The attempt to convey free wellness attention to Sierra Leone was non easy or simple, and ministry functionaries readily admit to doing incorrect determinations at assorted points. But to do the enterprise a success, tonss of people worked long hours for months toward a individual end that they believed in. Take Home Messages on leading: Sierra Leone ‘s Free Health Care Plan What and who made the difference? What resources were most important? What were the costs and benefits?Leaderships Know What Needs to be DoneCase Study 3: Woman whose life was saved: Overcoming Adversity at Maternal and Pre-natal Clinic, Tarapoto Regional Health Centre, San Martin[ 14 ] Rosa Diaz Barboza is a occupant of the Tabalosos territory in San Martin. At 18 old ages of age, Rosa was a merrily married adult female settling down to life with her new hubby and life on the farm and anticipating her first kid. Her distant place is located three hours from the closest wellness station, which is merely accessible by pes and even so, when it rains, the route is sometimes wholly out of use and no 1 is able to acquire in or out. However, despite all these geographical troubles, during the first trimester of Rosa ‘s gestation, outreach attempts by the regional wellness Centres were able to acquire to Rosa and she received antenatal instruction and attention. During a everyday prenatal visit, it was discovered that Rosa ‘s gestation could be a high hazard one due to several factors including anaemia. Taking into consideration the possible geographical troubles, deficiency of equipment and qualified staff, Rosa was referred to the wellness Centre in San Juan de Talliquihui where she could be attended to by non merely a nurse but besides a qualified clinical accoucheuse. At the 8th month of her gestation, Rosa and her hubby began the long journey to San Juan which involved a three-hour trek uphill to make the closest route. In San Juan, they stayed with relations and Rosa ‘s hubby picked up uneven occupations to get down salvaging money for the new babe. At the wellness clinic, Rosa was checked every hebdomad and everything seemed to be come oning usually. Nevertheless, clinic staff continuously praised Rosa and her hubby for be aftering in front. In the early hours of 25 June, Rosa began holding labour strivings and the accoucheuse was called instantly who confirmed that she was so in active labour. At 8:30 am, Rosa was transported to the wellness Centre where they were met by the Ob/Gyn Nurse. By 9:30 am, Rosa was ready to give birth but unluckily, the lone comfy bed in the Centre was occupied so, she was forced to give birth on difficult board which made the labour procedure even more painful. At 10:09 am, Luzmirella was born – she took her first breath and allow out a loud cry. She appeared healthy and normal and Rosa seemed to be managing the state of affairs good. Everyone was relieved and Rosa ‘s hubby rapidly ran place for a pillow and cover for his married woman. Forty proceedingss subsequently, the nurse observed that Rosa ‘s placenta had still non been expelled and she was shed blooding somewhat. Concerned by her anterior anaemia diagnosing and, to be on the safe side, she decided to get down the protocol to forestall daze ( low-risk degree ) ( Red ALERT-a really successful series of first assistance protocols for the bar of daze developed by the regional wellness Centre ) and tried to pull out the placenta manually but she was unsuccessful. At that point, she gathered the household members and suggested that they take Rosa to the infirmary in Cunumbuque. This infirmary, located an hr and a half off by auto, has a physician on call 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Initially, Rosa refused to travel stating she would instead decease than be moved in her current status. After bespeaking privateness with his married woman, Rosa ‘s hubby pleaded with her stating if non for him, she had to make it for their kid. At this point, Rosa agreed to the transportation. San Juan is a rural, distant town and as such, community leaders have developed eventuality programs for exigencies. For this state of affairs, they decided to make two things: communicate via CB wirelesss with people populating along the main road to inform them about the exigency and to bespeak a vehicle which can take a piece and, direct person to the infirmary to return with the infirmary ‘s ambulance. Due to the communities ‘ valiant attempts, by 12:30pm, Rosa was on her manner to the infirmary. At this point, she was shed blooding to a great extent and all the nurse could make was go on with protocol, administer injections of saline solution and massage Rosa ‘s venters. Rosa was hectic and non antiphonal, and she slipped in and out of consciousness. At 1:30 autopsy, over 3.5 hours after giving birth, they got Rosa to the infirmary in Cunumbuque. By this clip, she was wholly non-responsive and had lost all centripetal feelings. Doctors at that place instantly transferred her to the operating room where they tried a manual extraction of the placenta, which at this point was half manner out. After 30 proceedingss, the physician decided that Rosa needed specialized attending by a qualified sawbones with the necessary equipment. With IVs in both weaponries to forestall utmost daze due the profuse blood loss, Rosa was transferred once more to the Maternity and Prenatal Clinic and, it was at that place that at 4:00pm, the placenta was eventually extracted and Rosa was given over 4 litres of blood. The physician who finally removed the placenta, said it was due to ALL the actions taken by all the parties involved that saved Rosa ‘s life: from the wellness booster who encouraged Rosa to travel to the wellness station to, the adult male who practically ran all the manner to the infirmary to acquire the ambulance and the nurse who massaged Rosa ‘s belly for 2 hours. The little room where Rosa was instantly moved to was a drab assemblage boulder clay she opened her eyes and asked for her babe. Presently, Rosa and her hubby are be aftering Luzmirella ‘s first birthday party in June. They plan on ask foring all the hospital staff who helped guarantee that Luzmirella, a healthy, boisterous 11 month old can really observe her first and hopefully many more birthdays. Table 1 examines the factors related to the recovery of Rosa. Family/ family, community and authorities wellness system non merely coordinated their responses but besides leveraged resources available to them. These in bend were guided by shared vision about life being cherished and valued maternal wellness.Table 1. Success Factors related to the Recovery of RosaIndividual/ HouseholdCommunityGovernment Health SystemVision Woman ‘s life is cherished Save life when there are gestation complications Save life Valuess Proper wellness attention can salvage life during gestation complications Pregnancy complications need to be addressed Continuum of attention Practices Stay near the wellness installation when gestation was due Implement a eventuality program Health suppliers, nurse, physician all do that is needed Resources Family contributes its resources Community members contributes its labour. Health system uses all available resources The above illustration shows that shared vision, aligned values, coordinated patterns and leveraging resources among individuals/ families, communities and wellness system can cut down maternal deceases. Achieving these is the map of leading as discussed below. Case Study 4: Reducing Maternal Mortality in Sri Lanka[ 15 ] It is good known that engineerings to accomplish health-related ends are available. However, resource deficits are frequently cited as barriers to accomplishing them but the World Bank survey of success of Sri Lanka ( Pathmanathan et. Al. 2003[ 16 ]) in cut downing maternal mortality illustrates importance of wellness systems development and the function of institutional development in bettering entree and quality of available maternal wellness services. The 5th MDGs of bettering maternal wellness has a mark of â€Å" Reducing the maternal mortality ratio by three-fourthss, between 1990 and 2015 † . Based on experiences in Sri Lanka and Malaysia for more than 5 decennaries, the World Bank survey concludes that â€Å" maternal mortality can be halved in developing states every 7 to 10 old ages † . So the above MDG is accomplishable, although the overall advancement in cut downing maternal mortality since the 1890ss, as we saw in Section 2 falls short of the end. What will it take to accomplish this MDG? The Sri Lankan survey shows that maternal mortality decrease is low-cost regardless of income degree and growing rate. The route to maternal mortality decrease fundamentally includes skilled birth attending during child birth, direction of exigencies and complications of gestation and kid birth, and supervising maternal deceases. The critical schemes of wellness systems development used by Sri Lanka for cut downing maternal mortality ratio is shown in Figure 1. It comprised: constructing a foundation for effectual pregnancy attention, taking barriers to entree and bettering use of available installations. The needed institutional alterations in nucleus and complementary establishments are: human resource development and direction, aiming the hapless, constructing a functional referral system, taking barriers to entree furthering community mobilisation, beef uping answerability, and better organisational direction including execution of progressively sophisticated monitoring system. Coincident betterments in back uping establishments through improved conveyance increased seasonably entree. The enabling establishments besides played a function. The early additions in female instruction and the authorization of adult females through the electoral procedure provided an environment that sustained political and managerial committedness to bettering maternal wellness every bit good as improved wellness attention seeking behaviour. Fiscal barriers to pregnancy attention were removed by the authorities ‘s political committedness and society ‘s outlooks of wellness and instruction services to be provided free of charge. Oversight establishments are besides known to hold complemented these attempts synergistically. Civil enrollment of births and deceases was governed by statute law, and maternal deceases were viewed with sufficient concern to justify particular coverage by the Registrar General. Figure 1 shows the conventional position of wellness system development for cut downing maternal mortality. However, as shown in Table 2, these can besides be seen from a leading position of making shared vision, alining values, organizing patterns and leveraging resources among individuals/ families, communities.Figure 1. Conventional Position:Health System Development for Reducing Maternal MortalityThe three schemes are mutualist Resource allotment Establishing solid foundation for effectual pregnancy attention Increasing entree to such attention Targeting the hapless Ensure appropriate use of available services through improved quality Governments can afford to supply the critical elements of pregnancy attention free of charge to the client. Local accoucheuses Supervisory nurse mid-wives backed by referral services for complications of gestation Rural focal point Remove physical, societal and fiscal barriers and foster community mobilisation Supportive supervising Accountability through preparation Better organisational direction including execution of progressively sophisticated monitoring system ‘ Systematic reactivity to public demands and outlooksTable 2: It Can be Done: Leadership PerspectiveUndertakings Household/family Community Health system Create shared vision Female instruction Sophisticated monitoring system and particular coverage Align values Authorization of adult females Political and managerial committedness Systematic reactivity to public demands and outlooks Coordinate patterns Remove physical, societal and fiscal barriers Mobilize community Supervisory nurse-midwives backed by a referral system for complications of gestation Leverage resources Improved conveyance Free of charge servicesLeaderships Know It Can Be Done – Leaderships ‘ Positions To Address HIV/AIDSBelow we discuss three states[ 17 ]which had achieved noteworthy success in battling HIV/AIDS in early phases of AIDS epidemic – Uganda, Senegal and Thailand – which have been documented by UNAIDS as best pattern instance surveies.UgandaUganda is one of the universe ‘s poorer states and one of the most badly affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 1998, it had 21 million people, with less than 14 % life in metropoliss. The gross national merchandise per capita was tantamount to about US $ 240. Entire HIV prevalence among grownups was over 8 % . Fortunately, Uganda is besides one of the African states where the HIV epidemic was recognized comparatively early and so prevention attempts were started on a national degree.[ 18 ] In 1986, the President publically acknowledged the state ‘s HIV/AIDS job and made a committedness to mobilising attempts against it. A national budget for the AIDS plan was established early in the epidemic. The state adopted a multi-sectoral attack. The Uganda AIDS Commission was set up in the Office of the President, and HIV/AIDS control plan were established in several authorities ministries, including the Ministry of Health. Different degrees of society were involved such as political, community and spiritual leaders. The Islamic Medical Association of Uganda supported community instruction on HIV/AIDS throughout the state, including the distribution of rubbers.[ 19 ]Radio messages on HIV/AIDS were broadcast widely. Condom societal selling services, backed by USAID, were implemented countrywide. HIV voluntary guidance and testing was made available extensively and outside the formal health-care service. Uganda ‘s success in HIV bar can be seen from the followers: Percentage of grownups infected declined from a extremum of approximately 14 % to approximately 6 % in 2003. Steep addition in rubber usage – the proportion of work forces who said that they had of all time used a rubber rose from 15 % to 55 % . Among adult females, the sum rose from 6 % to 39 % . Behavior alteration – Percentage sexually experienced work forces at age 18 fell from about 90 % in 1989 to 50 % in 1995.SenegalMuch has been written about the demand to step in early to halt the spread of HIV before it spreads to the general population. Senegal ‘s HIV bar plan has been extended and contains the elements of an effectual plan. There is good grounds that Senegal has maintained one of the lowest rates of infection in sub-Saharan Africa by altering the behaviour of many of its citizens.[ 20 ] Like Uganda, Senegal is non a rich state. In 1998, it had 9 million people, with 44 % life in towns. Per capita income was below US $ 600 a twelvemonth. Entire HIV prevalence among grownups was estimated at approximately 1.8 % . Senegal has long emphasized bar and primary wellness attention. Generative wellness and kid wellness are well-established precedences. In add-on, registered sex workers are required to hold regular wellness cheques, and are treated for any curable sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) that are found. What was the response in Senegal? As in Uganda, politicians in Senegal were speedy to travel against the epidemic once the first instances appeared in the 2nd half of the 1980s. Since 93 % of Senegalese are Muslims, the authorities made attempts to affect spiritual leaders. HIV/AIDS became a regular subject in Friday discourses in mosques, and senior spiritual figures talked about it on telecasting and wireless. Many other degrees of Senegalese society joined in. By 1995, 200 NGOs were active in the response, as were adult females ‘s groups with about half a million members. HIV bar was included when sex instruction was introduced in schools. Parallel attempts reached out to immature people who are non in school. HIV voluntary and confidential guidance and proving were made available. Plans were instantly put in topographic point to back up sex workers to carry their clients to utilize rubber. Sexually Transmitted Infections ( STIs ) moved up the list of wellness precedences. Senegal was one of the first states in Africa to set up a national STI control plan that integrated STI attention into regular primary wellness services. Senegal ‘s success in HIV bar can be seen from the followers: HIV prevalence among pregnant adult females was merely over 1.4 % at the terminal of 1996, with no important tendency over clip. Condom distribution rose from 500,000 pieces in 1988 to 7 million pieces in 1997. Median age at first sex for adult females in 1997 for 25-29 old ages age group was 17.7 old ages but increased to 18.7 old ages for 20-24 old ages age group. Clearly, much in the societal construction and wellness services of Senegal before AIDS favored a successful response. In add-on, strong political committedness and the execution of effectual bar activities helped maintain Senegal ‘s rates of HIV infection among the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa.SiamFew states show the nexus between behaviour and HIV infection every bit clearly as Thailand.[ 21 ]Overall, behavioural alterations have reduced the figure of new HIV infections each twelvemonth from about 143,000 in 1991 to 29,000 in 2000. Thailand has a little over 60 million people, approximately 20 % of whom live in metropoliss. The gross national merchandise per capita was tantamount to about US $ 2700 in 1998. HIV prevalence among grownups was estimated at approximately 1.9 % , with higher prevalence in certain geographical countries and among certain groups. Thailand ‘s HIV prevalence is lower than that of Uganda, but it means a similar figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS. The effectual countrywide bar plan, which began in 1991, included several elements: The Prime Minister chaired the National AIDS Program. The Office of the Prime Minister took an active function in policy treatment, led the national public instruction attempt utilizing government-run mass media ( that is, public, non private ) , and took portion in monitoring. The Parliament established a sub-committee on AIDS. The National Economic and Social Development Board worked closely with the Ministry of Public Health to incorporate the National AIDS Plan into the five-year National Development Plan. The authorities AIDS budget increased drastically during the undermentioned old ages. Each cardinal ministry had its ain AIDS program and budget every bit good as a individual as the AIDS focal point. All provincial governors led the AIDS plan in their several states through the provincial development planning system. The concern community, people populating with HIV/AIDS, spiritual leaders and other community leaders became really involved in lending to policy duologue, resource mobilisation and the local execution of activities. In Thailand, 1991 was the turning point on human rights protection for PLHIV. HIV was removed from the list of diseases that required presentment to the wellness authorization. The prohibition on entry to Thailand of people with HIV/AIDS was lifted. A set of national policy guidelines to protect the rights of PLHIV was issued.[ 22 ] The most dramatic consequence of the national plan, famously known as 100 % rubber plan, can be seen from the followers: Entire figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS decreased from about 750,000 in 1995 to 650,000 in 2000. Work forces aged 15-49 sing sex workers dropped from 19 % in 1990 to 9 % in 1993. Reported figure of STIs in male fell from about 200,000 in 1989 to less than 20,000 in 1994. Consistent rubber usage among sex workers increased from over 50 % in 1990 to about 90 % in 1996.It Can Be Done: Conventional PositionTo show that success can be achieved even in resource-poor scenes, the experiences of these three states with differing civilizations and different degrees of the epidemic are discussed here. Uganda was difficult hit throughout the 1980s, and has had about two million cumulative AIDS-related deceases since so. Senegal, on the other manus, had non been earnestly affected by the epidemic. In Thailand, the epidemic became outstanding merely at the terminal of the 1980s but spread quickly once it took clasp. These are three different state of affairss, but behavioural alteration and some containment of the epidemic were achieved in these three developing states even with resource restraints. What are some indispensable characteristics of effectual plans which are shared by the three states? In each one, national AIDS plans portion a bundle of common characteristics that UNAIDS respects as â€Å" best pattern † , viz. : strong political committedness at the highest degree to covering with the epidemic ( this ensures policies and funding to turn to the epidemic ) ; multi-sectoral attacks to bar and attention and, at authorities degree, engagement by multiple ministries ; multilevel responses ( at national, provincial, territory and community degrees ) ; effectual monitoring of the epidemic and hazard behaviours, and airing of the findings both to better policies and plans and to prolong consciousness ; a combination of attempts aimed at the general population and focused on groups at high hazard, at the same clip ; execution on a big graduated table ; and integrated bar and attention. These actions proved to be effectual because leading was involved. The influence of leaders at different degrees of society in each state – the President/Prime Minister, the ministry functionaries, spiritual and community leaders, and so on – was seen in the bringing of policy waies and plan intercessions harmonizing to the desired or articulated ends and aims. The above actions can be interpreted from the leading perspectives as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. It Can Be Done: Leadership PerspectiveCreate shared visionUganda: Public recognition, political committedness. Senegal: Political committedness, engagement of spiritual groups. Siam: Engagement of Prime Minister/ Parliamentarians and Provincial Governors.Align Valuess:Uganda: Public recognition, political committedness. Senegal: Political committedness, engagement of spiritual and many other groups including NGOs. Siam: Removing stigma and favoritismCoordinate Practices:Uganda: Multi-sectoral attack, IEC, rubber – societal selling and free distribution, Voluntary guidance and proving centre ( VCT ) . Senegal: Schools, VCT, rubber for sex workers, national STI plan. Siam: Engagement of provincial authorities and concerns.Leverage resources:Uganda: Multi-sectoral attack, political committedness. Senegal: National STI plans. Siam: National and provincial authorities budget, concern Therefore, the success of policies and plans is reflected through leading actions of making a shared vision, alining values, organizing patterns and leveraging resources among the individuals/ families, communities and wellness system, as shown in figure 3 belowFigure 3. The Leadership position for superior consequencesAs the context alterations, the leaders need to continually work on these actions to guarantee sustained advancement. The above mentioned early successes in HIV plans were non needfully sustained in go oning decrease in grownup prevalence of HIV infections. The HIV prevalence in Uganda had stabilized at between 6.5 % and 7 % since 2001. The grownup HIV prevalence remained low in Senegal at 2 % or under. On the other manus in Thailand, the rate of new HIV infections decreased by more than 25 % between 2001 and 2009. Current grownup HIV prevalence is estimated to be near to 1 % , a important diminution from a peak rate of about 2 % in 1995.