Test Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Test Construction - Essay Example Contemplate the pathophysiologic alteration and its implications on the manifestations of a disease and learn to expect and corroborate findings in a given patient with practice (Evaluation, Synthesis). 3 Section A: Answer all questions on the multiple choice. Select the ONE BEST response to each question by placing a circle around the letter that corresponds with your choice of answer. Use a pencil or black pen only. Question 2. A 56-year-old male presents with cough, breathlessness, and history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The findings in the general examination that suggests impaired oxygen diffusion Question 3. A 30-year-old female had a road-traffic accident. The patient was brought to the clinic with continued bleeding from the wound at the left thigh. What will be your expectation about the heart rate and blood pressure of the patient? Question 7. A patient with chronic emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents to the clinic with severe respiratory distress. He has low-grade fever. The diagnosis is pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and chronic bronchitis. The examination of thorax may lead to findings Question 8. A patient presents with dyspnea at rest. You are required to examine this patient. On examination, you find engorged neck veins, mild enlargement of the liver, and PMI shifted 2.5 cm lateral to left midclavicular line in the left 6th intercostal space. Your diagnosis would be Question 10. A patient presents with history of rheumatic fever and a known history of mitral stenosis. He presents with cough and dyspnea and complains of swelling of the extremities. On examination, he has a lateral PMI, increased JVP, an S3, hepatic enlargement, crackles at the lung bases, a soft S1, and a pulsus alternans. What could be the diagnosis? Question 11. A 12-year-old boy presents with anorexia, nausea,

Genetically Modified Foods Essay Example for Free

Genetically Modified Foods Essay The world is slowly running out of food. Impoverished people have nowhere to turn. Biotechnology researchers think they have found a way to reverse the world famine. This way is through genetically modified foods which are foods that come from genetically engineered organisms. Examples of such organisms are sheep, cows, and fish. However, since it is a new invention, it is being met with harsh and legitimate concerns. While it may help the world’s food crisis, it may also do that at the expense of human health. Moreover, In the 90’s in the USA, the Food and Drug Administration decided that genetically modified food was safe and did not require special regulation. They stated that is was, â€Å"not inherently dangerous. † (FDA, 1998). This allowed genetically modified food such as soybean oils and tomatoes to enter the market. There are lots of ideas about the GMF. Some scientists say that it is no harmful affects of GMF and it may be a solution for scarcity of food and even it is healthy. However, some others say that GMFs are dangerous for public health. And It can damage biodiversity. Genetically modified foods may be a good solition to increase the amount of food. The problem is there are lots of people go to sleep hungry everyday and the number of hungry people is getting bigger. And International Food Policy Research Institute state there are â€Å"120 devoloping countries† which are very close to limit of hunger and â€Å"57 of which with a serious or worse hunger situation. (Global Hunger Index, 7) The reason of this hunger is there is not enough food to feed them and because the world population is getting higher but the areas which use in farming are getting smaller. Farmers could not find suitable area to plant their crops. That is why, They have to find a different solution to be productive. Conko argues that biotech agriculture is the method by which we can increase agricultural productivity without resorting to increases in harmful chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. In the Genetic Modification it says that genetic modification provides a means to confer resistance to broad-spectrum herbicides into crops where current weed control is considered difficult. In this way, farmers can be more productive and they can get more product on their fields. â€Å"In the United States, in 2002 about 5. 5 million farmers in 145 nations were planting more than 145 million acres worth of GM crops. † (Conko) On the other hand, genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops might have a negative impact on biodiversity. Genetically Modified crops have an impact on birds and insect. A crop plant modified to be toxic to insect pests can have a direct harmful effect on non-target insects if they eat the plant. It can also have an indirect effect by reducing the insects that are a food source for other wildlife, such as farmland birds. Genetically Modified crops that are tolerant to herbicides could also lead to a reduction in weed populations that act as refuges for beneficial insects, and those that are eaten by birds. This process takes time because of this GM crops evaluate as a good solution but it can destroy the biological diversity. And US conservation organization Royal Society,founded in London In 1660 is a learned society for science, support it. They state that the likelihood of the spread of Genetically modified into the wild populations, the risk of superweeds being produced, the impact Genetically modified introductions might have on the colonies of micro organisms living in the soil and how such risks can be assesed and analysed. Also John Innes Centre, Founded in England is an independent centre for research and training in plant and microbial science, state that Monarch butterfly larvae fed only on leaves covered in pollen from Bt corn grew more slowly and suffered higher death rates and pink bollworm fed on cotton producing the Bt toxin. Aphids fed on Genetically Modified potatoes producing a different toxin were also reported to have a harmful effect on ladybirds feeding on the aphids. Genetically Modified crops can be beneficial for health in terms of their food value. Foods include lots of vitamins which are necessary to our body. In early days, our foods were full of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrate and they were occupied with value. However, now there are not enough foods which are full of value. Because there are lots of environmental factors like global warming which causes to summers takes long time, and scarcity of water, and also some pests. These factors effect the crops and farmers have to use pesticide and this cause to decrease food value. And it leads lots of health problems. And the one of the most important health problem is Vitamin A deficiency. This is the cause of at least â€Å"1 million childhood deaths† each year and is â€Å"considered the single most serious cause of blindness amongst children† in the developing countries. â€Å"A possible solution to this problem is the genetic modification of rice. † ( Potrykus, quoted inGenetic Modification) Although GM foods are benefical for the food value, in some circumstances, it can be very harmful for human health. Without too much control eating genetically modified food can be dangerous and it can lead lots of diseases like Eosonophil Myalgia Syndrome. In this debate, the Physicians and Scientists for Responsible Application of Science and Technology, is a website to educate the general public about genetic engineering in general and foods, revealed that After eating a food supplement produced by genetically engineered bacteria, â€Å"37 persons were killed 1500 people were permanently disabled† in the US in a disease called Eosonophil Myalgia Syndrome. It was caused by one or more extremely poisonous substances that unexpectdedly appeared in this food supplement. This accident confirms the predictions of molecular biologists that genetic engineering can cause the appearance of dangerous unexpected substances. As a Conclusion, there are lots of arguments in the GMF. Maybe It can be a solution for lots of problems, maybe it can be invention of the this century. I think, however, without too much researching about GMF we cannot use it to gain profit. Because human health is important than anything. We have to more careful. In the future, After very deep research about the GMF, we can solve the sustanibility problem.

Plato’s Apology Essay -- essays research papers

Plato’s Apology Socrates was a very simple man who did not have many material possessions and spoke in a plain, conversational manner. Acknowledging his own ignorance, he engaged in conversations with people claiming to be experts, usually in ethical matters. By asking simple questions, Socrates gradually revealed that these people were in fact very confused and did not actually know anything about the matters about which they claimed to be an expert. Socrates felt that the quest for wisdom and the instruction of others through dialogue and inquiry were the highest aims in life. He felt that "The unexamined life is not worth living." Plato's Apology is the speech Socrates made at his trial. Socrates was charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state and corrupting the youth of Athens. In The Apology, Socrates attempted to defend himself. He spoke in a very simple, uncomplicated manner. He explained that he had no experience with the law and courts and that he would just use honesty and directness. He also explained that he behaved in the way that he did because of a prophecy by the oracle at Delphi, which claimed that he was the wisest of all men. Recognizing that he was ignorant in most things, Socrates concluded that he must be wiser than other men only in that he knew that he knew nothing. Socrates explained that he considered it his duty to question people in order to expose their false wisdom as ignorance. By doing this, the youth of Athens bega...

A Long Walk to Freedom- Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela in his book, Long Walk to Freedom argues through the first five parts that a black individual must deal, coop, and grow through a society that is hindering their lives† with apartheid and suppression of their rightful land. Rolihlanla Mphakanyiswa or clan name, Madiba was born on July 18, 1918 in a simple village of Mvezo, which was not accustomed to the happenings of South Africa as a whole. His father was an respected man who led a good life, but lost it because of a dispute with the magistrate. While, his mother was a hard-working woman full of daily choirs. His childhood was full of playing games with fellow children and having fun. In school, Mandela was given his English name of Nelson. After his father†s death, he moved to love with a regent, who was a well-off individual and owed Nelson†s father for a previous favor. The next several years were full of schooling for Nelson. These schools opened Nelson†s eyes to many things, which we will discuss later. He and the regent†s son, Justice decided to travel to Johannesburg and see what work they could find. They left on their journey without the regent†s permission, but eventually escaped his power and settled down in the town. In Johannesburg, Nelson settled down in a law firm as an assistant and went to University of South Africa and Witwatersrand University to further his law education. Witswatersrand University brought many new ideas to Nelson and awakened a spirit inside of him. The next several years, Nelson met many new political friends and began his involvement in the ANC. Also during this time, he met Evelyn and they became married. Gradually Nelson†s political involvement grew and his family life declined. Nelson and his good friend, Oliver Tambo opened a law firm, which took up most of Nelson†s time. Evelyn mothered two of Nelson†s children, but the gradually grew apart. Now, Nelson was an influential political individual and bans and jailing began to follow him around. One day, a young woman came into his life by the name of Winnie and they got married. Winnie gave birth to two more of Nelson†s children. As time passed, Nelson†s spirit for freedom grew more and more each day. Though his life was full of bannings and jailings, he never gave up his fight, but he knew that the south African government was becoming agitated with him and the ANC. The South African government became ruthless and strict and this forced Nelson to leave his family. After he left his family, he went underground. Nelson†s life has been full of hardships and decisions, but his heart for the struggle has never faltered. Now let us examine Nelson in closer detail. Nelson is an individual who fought through many hardships, but was also faced with decisions that affected his future, his family, and his livelihood. As we look at Nelson deeper, we can see many interesting points. He was opened to new ideas and beliefs through his experiences in the schools of Heraldtown and Fort Hare, but knew there was something better. He decided to travel to Johannesburg to find new and greater opportunities. While, in Johannesburg, he believed education would be a key asset. While working for a small firm, he took classes at University of South Africa and eventually Wits University. Here is where his mind and social life flourished. He interacted with great minds and influential political individuals. He talked to many Africans without proper education, who contained more knowledge and better social skills than many Africans with education. But, he still persisted in acquiring his B. A. Wits University brought his life to new extents. He was also talking to Indians, Coloureds, and whites for the first time in his life and Becoming friends with many more prominent African individuals. Nelson soon joined the ANC and became very prominent in the fight for freedom. Nelson was always open to listening to new ideas, but when his was just starting his fight. He believed that just Africans should fight the struggle and that the Indians, Coloureds, and communists would hinder their fight. As the ANC grew, Nelson also became well known. He was part of the Youth League, another beneficial part of the ANC. Nelson was not president yet, but was powerful enough to voice is opinions, which many people listened to and believed in. As Nelson†s political involvement grew, the police became more aware of him. Nelson received ban after ban, which ranged from months to years. He also experienced jail time constantly. Eventually, the police†s pursuit of him forced him to go underground. Nelson was also becoming more open-minded. He now believed that the fight should involve the Indians and the Coloureds. He also believed that Communism did have some good points, but he would never accept the whole communism aspect. There were many freedom fighters in South Africa. One that stood out was Dr. Xuma. Dr. Xuma was friend of Nelson and the president of the ANC, but the struggle forces many hardships on one†s life. Nelson gave everything up to pursue his fight for freedom. He left his family, his prospering law firm, and his past for the struggle. Dr. Xuma believed in the same ideas as Nelson, but would not give up his prominence with the whites and his wealthy occupation for the struggle. This decision had to be made by many freedom fighters. Nelson gave his life for the fight. While, Dr. Xuma thought his career was more important. Now let us look closer at some issues seen through Mandela†s book. Through this paragraph, I will compare foreign influence seen in Long Walk to Freedom to foreign influence seen in Mexico through Professor Hornibrook†s lectures and notes. As I have seen through your lectures, South Africa was affected by foreign influence from the British and the Dutch. Mandela†s autobiography helps give more detailed accounts of the European influence seen in South Africa. Ever since Mandela was born, the European†s power affected his people. European influence could be seen through every aspect of life. In Mandela†s school, he was given an English name and this was because â€Å"this was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education. â€Å"(14) Also, â€Å"the education I received was a British education, in which British ideas, British culture, British institutions were automatically assumed to be superior. There was no such thing as African culture. â€Å"(14) This shows that it was difficult to get away from the British influence even for children in school. The British and the Dutch governments passed several acts that were instituted to fight against the Africans freedom struggle. The Africans struggle for independence was slowly growing and this scared the government. A new term was being seen and it was called â€Å"apartheid. † The government enacted laws and acts that prohibited Africans from doing Many things that were vital to their fight and survival. The Group Areas Act was one example. This act called for each racial group to be separated into separate areas. Another act was the Population Registration Act, which showed that race had become the most important and influential aspect of South African law and society. Another act was the Suppression of Communism Act. This act called for all communists to be brought to trial. The police could arrest anyone they believed were trying to overthrow the government by violence and communist ways. Lastly, the government put bans on individuals who were becoming to involved in the struggle and finally the government banned the ANC and all other liberation groups. This ban now made freedom fighting was illegal in South Africa. The effect of foreign influence was drastic. Africans lost sense of African culture in schools. While, the foreign government tried everything to break down the Africans chance for liberty. The foreign influence seen in South Africa crushed the African†s hope and survival. While this was occurring in South Africa, Mexico was also seeing the effect of foreign influence. Americans and Europeans came into Mexico and gained much power. Haciendas helped their rise and foreign investment in many minerals and oil. But, Mexico did not approve of this and changed it. In 1917, Mexico created a new constitution, which limited foreign investment and promised land reform. This showed that Mexico did not want an overpopulation of foreigners and would not allow it. While, in oil, the foreigners controlled much of the oil, which Mexico had an abundance of. In 1938, oil workers went on strike and the companies would not give in, but instead of allowing foreign influence to become too powerful. The Mexican leader, Cardenas sent in arbitrators. The arbitrators called for the one/third pay increase, but the companies refused. Therefore, Cardenas nationalized oil and limited the power of foreign influence in Mexico. Now, Mexican oil was controlled by PEMEX, which is controlled only by Mexico. Mexico become a large influence in the oil market during the oil crisis, but also went though hyperinflation and eventually needed some foreign help. But, the Mexicans would not allow foreign influences to dominate the Mexican state as foreigners have affected South Africa. Now I will examine another issue seen in the book. In this paragraph, I will examine the movement seen in Long Walk to Freedom to the movement seen in China during the 1900†³s. In South Africa, the movement I saw was the Africans fighting for freedom. In their time of struggle, they had little help from those with power. The liberation movement involved peasants, educated, and well-off Africans. But, the government did what ever they could to put down this struggle. They set up organizations, such as the ANC, Youth League, and others, but as seen in other places the wealthy and powerful would not help the struggle. Many people were blind to the struggle. â€Å"Most of these wardresses had no idea why we were in prison, and gradually began to discover what we were fighting for and why we were willing to risk jail in the first place. (249) Many individuals did not realize what the Africans were really fighting for and why the government was harassing them, but slowly they were learning. â€Å"Seeing prominent and educated white women discussing serious matters with a black man on the basis of perfect equality could only lead to the weakening of the wardresses† apartheid assumptions. â€Å"(249) The government tried to separate whites from blacks so whites would not turn sympathetic towards the Africans fight. This scared feeling made the government acts and laws stricter and harsher towards the African struggle. Therefore, in South Africa, the movement received little help from the people who had influence in the country and the help they truly needed. While, in China, their movement involved their peasants and they had help, which truly helped their struggle. Mao stated that â€Å"In a very short time,†¦ several hundred million peasants will rise like a mighty storm†¦ They will sweep all the imperialists, warlords, corrupt officials, local tyrants and evil gentry into their graves†¦ â€Å"(Mao, 24) Here Mao stated that the peasants would destroy the landlords and corrupt individuals. He helped the peasants by making some reforms. He gave peasants land and made marriages a free choice. He also instituted the 100 Flowers Campaign. This campaign allowed peasants to speak out and have freedom of speech. We see here that the peasants had help in their struggle, while the Africans had very little. This assistance helped the peasants to get the things they were fighting for. Mandela†s Long Walk to Freedom, helped show the rise of an incredible individual, who fought with many of his countrymen against the oppression and apartheid of white supremacy in South Africa. Throughout the book, I have seen Nelson†s open-mindedness. Nelson always listened to communist ideas and Indian goals, eventhough he did not agree with them. Nelson faced many hardships through his struggle and this had to cause some resentment against his oppressors. But if anyone would not be bias in his writing, I would say it would be Nelson Mandela. He has showed in his book that he is great individual and that he will not let his past feeling cloud his writing. You can see his feelings in his book and that is what makes it so good, but I believe he does not hide anything from us on both sides of the stories. In conclusion, Mandela†s autobiography is a brilliant book written by an incredible individual. I wish I could of read the whole book for this essay, but that was not possible. It is hard to write an essay on the first 5 parts when I know some things that happened further in the book. I did not know if I should include that information in the essay, but I did not involve it. This book helped to show the other side of the story. We always hear the victor†s story and in this class we got to hear the other side of the story.

Truearth Case Analysis

TruEarth Healthy Foods: Market Research for a New Product Introduction Case Analyses: * Isabel Eckstein the brand manager had let the introduction of the most successful product of the company (Pasta Kit) in 2006 which means that she has a very strong marketing background. * Competitors began offering similar products in 2008 which cause the growth to slow. * Some of their competitors are Nestle and Kraft. * The do not make a rash decision. The success of Cucina Fresca was a calculated risk based on significant research. The company only uses high-quality durum wheat and mostly organic ingredients. * The company further raised consumer awareness through several promotional programs, using coupons, magazine advertisements, and in-store demonstrations. * Idea generation. As the company grew, the idea generation process became a more systematic evaluation of consumer trends, with formal management brainstorming sessions. * Three important developments reshaped how consumers purchased gr oceries. The first important trend was a new, loosely defined food category in the United States— â€Å"home meal replacement† (HMR).An increase in dual-income households had led to higher disposable incomes coupled with â€Å"time poverty,† as both workers found themselves lacking the time to cook a meal and clean up afterward. Further, consumers had tired of unhealthy carryout and fast food and started seeking greater variety and freshness. Supermarkets began meeting HMR needs by enhancing their fresh, prepared food offerings. * There was no fresh whole grain pasta with broad distribution, with 85% of those in favour of the concept having never purchased it before. * Competitive Threat: Rigazzi Fresh Whole Grain Pasta. Pizzas were a core component of the Italian-American food category, with annual sales in the United States estimated at $53 billion in 2007. * suggested that 77% of consumers ate pizza at least once a month. * The store-bought refrigerated pizza market was 11% of sales and totaled $5. 8 billion, making it a larger market than refrigerated pasta, which was approximately $4. 4B in 2007. * pizza demand in key demographics had been hurt by health concerns and the popularity of diets that restricted or cut out carbohydrates. Eckstein believed this presented the perfect opportunity for TruEarth. Independent surveys of restaurant-goers showed that 33% of people had â€Å"strong interest† in a whole grain crust. * Major chains like Papa John’s and Pizza Hut had introduced whole wheat or multi-grain crusts * Kraft and Nestle are already huge players here with low-cost frozen pizza. RECOMMENDATION HAI YE FUU MEMORANDUM DATE:January 11, 2009 TO:Isabel Eckstein Brand Manager FROM:Brett Matlack RE:Introduction of Whole Grain Pizza Product The slowing growth of Cucina Fresca’s sales has placed our competitive edge in the fresh Italian food category in jeopardy.In an attempt to retain our leadership position and exte nd our product line, we have invested in the development of a new whole grain pizza. We must decide whether to launch our pizza offering. Our decision must take into consideration that the new product’s wholesales volume estimates must exceed $12 million to meet our return requirements. The decision-making process is time sensitive because one of our competitors, Rigazzi Brands, has already tested a whole grain pizza concept and is not far from introduction. Given these factors, we can either debut or suspend the product.Based on sales volume estimates and situation analysis, I recommend that the company launch the pizza. The introduction will result in a wholesales volume that exceeds our return requirements and these additional funds can be reinvested into the firm. Option I: Launch Whole Grain Pizza Product The launch of a whole grain pizza kit will capitalize on the same consumer trends that prompted the release of Cucina Fresca: growing demand for quick, customizable hom e meal replacements that are refrigerated and available in tasty, whole grain options.Also, pizza is a core component of the Italian-American food category that we cannot ignore because it is frequently purchased by customers on a monthly basis. Our whole grain pizza product resolves the time- and health-related concerns of American consumers in one of their favorite dishes (see Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis for Whole Grain Pizza Product). The growing demand for a whole grain crust has been addressed by local pizzerias and take-out franchises, but not in the store-bought refrigerated pizza market. The immediate release of the pizza kit would allow us to penetrate this market before Rigazzi and benefit from first mover advantages.As a result, our 1st year wholesale volume estimates would exceed our return requirements by approximately $4. 5 million (see Exhibit 2: Whole Grain Pizza Concept Purchase Volume Estimate, Year 1 [Excellent]). The excess returns can be reinvested into the firm an d used to expand our manufacturing facilities or further extend our product line. If the pizza kit is launched, the firm must consider the potential consequences. We must assess the impact it will have on Cucina Fresca’s success and production, as well as the TruEarth image if the product flops (see Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis for Whole Grain Pizza Product).Likewise, we must review the potential consequences if the wholesale volume estimate is calculated using the percentage repurchases when the product is perceived to be of mediocre or average quality (see Exhibit 3: Whole Grain Pizza Concept Purchase Volume Estimate, Year 1 [Mediocre, Average]. Option II: Do Not Launch Whole Grain Pizza Product The competitive environment of the pizza market and quality-related issues discovered in the BASES studies indicate that the whole grain pizza product should not be launched. Although the market generates high sales, it is extremely crowded and dominated by powerful players like Kraft a nd Nestle.Furthermore, the ability to market a tasty whole-grain pizza crust and communicate its benefits will be difficult because the American public perceives whole grains to be less appetizing than white flour. Attempting to change consumer preferences is timely and costly. By foregoing the release of the pizza kit, the company can focus solely on Cucina Fresca. The operating facilities will not have to worry about manufacturing two different product lines and our distribution infrastructure will not be overworked (see Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis for Whole Grain Pizza Product).Likewise, our marketing team could concentrate on attempting to revive the pasta meals. This product has proven to be successful at one time. Investing all of our resources into the pizza product could be both disastrous and expensive considering we have no experience in this market category. However, by shelving the pizza, an opportunity is lost because our company would be ignoring the needs of a potentiall y profitable market. The health-conscious trend is not going away and our firm needs to expand our product line in order to retain our leadership as a gourmet, healthy alternative.Recommendation At this time, our company would benefit the most by launching the new whole grain pizza product. By not launching the pizza kit, our investments and time can be focused on expanding the pasta line and retooling the marketing campaign to improve sales; however, in order to diversify the TruEarth brand name, innovation is needed. Although the pasta market may seem safe, we must venture into new categories in order to raise brand awareness, seek new customers, and increase our profits. Exhibit 1: SWOT Analysis for Whole Grain Pizza Product Strengths| Weaknesses| Highly selective about ingredients * Existing infrastructure for coupons, magazine advertisements, in-store demonstrations * Existing formal 4-step process for research and development * Incremental investment for pizza less than pasta * Higher awareness of pizza product among Cucina Fresca customers * Successful market experience in launching new products (brand name awareness) * Existing manufacturing equipment and distribution infrastructure to get fresh food to shelves quickly * Easy preparation, but gives customers the chance to be involved in the cooking process * Permits customers to customize * Refrigerated pizza is considered tastier, more authentic than frozen pizza * Is a product for the whole family (8. /10 in mall-intercept) * 28% of home-trial users believe there is no need for improvement * 33% of respondents in mall-intercept considered the TruEarth name a favorable advantage| * Pizza kit only feeds 2-3 people * Consumers have to buy toppings separately * Limited selection of toppings and varieties offered * Considered too expensive ($12. 38 vs. $10. 09 for other refrigerated options, $11. 72 for takeout) * Only received 10% favorable to product in overall taste, texture, and quality * Limited time to product expiration (similar refrigerated manufacturing issues as Cucina Fresca) * If using same equipment, this may lead to bottlenecks in both operating facilities and distribution network| Opportunities| Threats| Leverage relationship with North Dakota durum wheat supplier to supply wheat for pizza dough * Expand serving size options * Offer single serving sizes for individual meals; whole pizzas to feed a family * Expand topping offerings * Contract with local cafes and other gourmet specialty restaurants to offer products in other store formats * Create a packaged bundle which includes Cucina Fresca and the pizza kit * Leverage TruEarth brand name to enter the pizza market * TruEarth is well-liked and considered to be high quality Utilize this to demonstrate the benefits/product attributes of the pizza product | * Health conscious mindset (e. g. ow carbohydrate diet) has hurt key demographics in pizza demand * Consumers may not purchase additional toppings * Rigazzi has test ed a pizza concept and is preparing to introduce it * Competitors may quickly replicate whole-grain pizza kit and price them lower to win larger share of the market * Nestle and Kraft dominate the frozen-pizza market * Our pizza dough’s quality may not be comparable to freshly made takeout * Pizza market is extremely crowded (options include takeout, delivery, refrigerated) * If product succeeds, product facilities may struggle to manufacture two lines (Cucina Fresca placed on back burner, limited production) * If product fails, damage to TruEarth name may make it harder to launch new products in future| Exhibit 2: Whole Grain Pizza Concept Purchase Volume Estimate, Year 1 (Excellent) Total Purchase Intent| Definitely would buy| 18. 00%| % of â€Å"Definites† who actually buy| 80. 00%| â€Å"Definite† Purchases| 14. 40%| Probably would buy| 43. 00%| % of â€Å"Probables† who actually buy| 30. 00%| â€Å"Probable† Purchases| 12. 90%| Trial Rate | 27 . 30%| Marketing Plan Adjustment| Target Households| 58,500,000| Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers | 6,435,000| Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers| 52,065,000|Customer Awareness| 50. 00%| Non-Customer Awareness| 12. 00%| All Commodity Volume Distribution (ACV)| 40. 00%| Marketing Adjusted Trial Rate| Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Adjusted Trial Rate | 5. 46%| Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Adjusted Trial Rate| 1. 31%| Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Trial Purchases| 351,351| Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Trial Purchases| 682,051. 5| Total Trial Purchases| 1,033,402,| Repeat Purchase Inputs| Repeat Purchase Occasions| 2. 00| Repeat Rate, by Product Services| Excellent Product| 49%| Repeat Volume, by Product Scenario| Excellent Product| 1,012,733,| Total Purchases| 2,046,135| Total Sales Volume|Retail Sales Volume| $25,331,151. 30| TruEarth Sales Volume| $16,465,248. 35| In Excess of Return Requirements| $4,465,248. 35| Exhibit 3: Whole Grain Pizza Concept Purchase Volume Estimate, Year 1 (Mediocre, Average) Inputs from Exhibit 2| Trial Rate| 27. 30| Total Trial Purchases| 1,033,402| Repeat Purchase Occasions| 2. 0| Repeat Rate, by Product Services| Mediocre Product| 21%| Average Product| 37%| Repeat Volume, by Product Scenario| Mediocre Product| 434,028. 84| Average Product| 764,717. 48| Total Purchases| Mediocre Product| 1,467,430,| Average Product| 1,798,119,| Total Sales Volume| Retail Sales Volume (Mediocre Product)| $18,166,783. 40|TruEarth Sales Volume (Mediocre Product)| $11,808,409. 21| Retail Sales Volume (Average Product)| $22,260,713. 22| TruEarth Sales Volume (Average Product)| $14,469,463. 59| Based on these wholesales volumes, the average product perception meets our return requirements. We would gain $2,469,463. 59 in extra cash if we were to launch this product. However, the mediocre product does not meet our return requirements (off by $191,590. 79). We are only off of our return requirements by a small margin (1. 596%); thus, we may conside r taking on this initial loss for the first year. Considering the growth rate of Cucina Fresca’s retail sales between the 3rd quarter of 2006 and 2007 (194. 4%), we may predict that the initial sales volume will grow between the first and second year of the product launch. Our future sales volume will most likely cover our initial return requirements in the 2nd year and our losses from the 1st year. ——————————————– [ 2 ]. Definitely would buy x % of â€Å"Definites† who actually buy: 80% x 18% [ 3 ]. Probably would buy x % of â€Å"Probables† who actually buy: 30% x 43% [ 4 ]. â€Å"Definite† Purchases + â€Å"Probable† Purchases: 14. 4% + 12. 9% [ 5 ]. Target Households x 11%: 58,500,000 x 11% [ 6 ]. Target Households x 89%: 58,500,000 x 11% [ 7 ]. Trial Rate x Customer Awareness x ACV: 27. 3% x 50% x 40% [ 8 ]. Trial Rate x Non-Customer Awaren ess x ACV: 27. 3% x 12% x 40% [ 9 ].Target Households x Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Adjusted Trial Rate: 58,500,000 x 5. 46% [ 10 ]. Target Households x Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Adjusted Trial Rate: 58,500,000 x 1. 31% [ 11 ]. Cucina Fresca Pasta Customers Trial Purchases + Non- Cucina Fresca Pasta Purchases: 351,351 + 682,051. 5 [ 12 ]. Rounded down because cannot include 0. 5 of a household [ 13 ]. Total Trial Purchases x Repeat Purchase Occasions x Excellent Product Repeat Rate: 1,033,402 x 2. 00 x 49% [ 14 ]. Rounded down because cannot include 0. 96 of a product [ 15 ]. Trial Purchases + Repeat Purchases: 1,033,402 + 1,012,733 [ 16 ]. Total Purchases x Average Spent per Purchase: 2,046,135 x $12. 38 [ 17 ].Retail Sales Volume x (1-Food Retailers 35% Gross Margin): $72,835,811. 1 x (1-0. 35) [ 18 ]. TruEarth Sales Volume – Minimum Return Requirement: $16,465,248. 35- $12,000,000 [ 19 ]. Total Trial Purchases x Repeat Purchase Occasion x Mediocre Repeat Product Rate: 1,033,402 x 2. 0 x 21% [ 20 ]. Total Trial Purchases x Repeat Purchase Occasion x Average Repeat Product Rate: 1,033,402 x 2. 0 x 37% [ 21 ]. Total Trial Purchases + Mediocre Product Total Purchases: 1,033,402 + 434,028. 84 [ 22 ]. Rounded down because cannot have 0. 84 of a purchase [ 23 ]. Total Trial Purchases + Average Product Total Purchases: 1,033,402 + 764,717. 48 [ 24 ]. Rounded down because cannot have 0. 48 of a purchase [ 25 ].Total Purchases for Mediocre Product x Average Spent per Purchase: 1,467,430 x $12. 38 [ 26 ]. Retail Sales Volume for Mediocre Product x (1-Food Retailers 35% Gross Margin): $18,166,783. 40 x (1-0. 35) [ 27 ]. Total Purchases for Average Product x Average Spent per Purchase: 1,798,119 x $12. 38 [ 28 ]. Retail Sales Volume for Mediocre Product x (1-Food Retailers 35% Gross Margin): $22,260,713. 22 x (1-0. 35) [ 29 ]. (TruEarth Sales Volume (Mediocre Product) – Return Requirement)/Return Requirement: ($11,808,409. 21-$12,000,000)/$12,00 0,000 [ 30 ]. [{ (2007 Retail Sales-2006 Retail Sales)/(2006 Retail Sales)} + 1] x 100%: [{($35,000,000-$18,000,000)/($18,000,000)} +1] x 100%

GDP Growth Rate and Economic Future of United States

GDP Growth Rate and Economic Future of United States Business Recommendations Based on Economic Projections Business recommendations basing on projections are very core in the achievement of the expectations or even better the achievement in terms of time and profitability. The company’s projections which cover a period of five years shows that the business needs to be expanded and at the same time increase the profits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on GDP Growth Rate and Economic Future of United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to achieve this milestone, the company must make some decisions which will catapult the attainment of these expectations. The various perspectives of future projections therefore provoke decisions that govern the same set objective. Larson’s future expansion plan clearly shows that the company is faced by challenges throughout its life cycle and therefore there should be decision to act as antidotes during challeng ing times and better the performance during the most profitable or maturity stage of the business (McConnell, Brue Flynn, 2009). The decisions that are appropriate for the company therefore go hand in hand with the projections. GDP Growth Rate in United State The positive increase in the GDP in the fourth quarter should be maintained. For maintenance of this it is in order that the following decisions are necessary; the personal consumption should be encouraged through quality products and price incentive for the clients, improving exports through extensive marketing outside USA and encourage private investors so that the running capital is increased (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009). GDP Growth Rate in United State The GDP of Germany increased by 0.7% in the last quarter of the previous year. The upward trend can be maintained or even made better through the use of various strategies. First the company greatly depends on export as the main economic pillar. It is recommendable th erefore that the export policies that encourage export should be implemented, these include better relationship with other countries and increase of market across the world. The goods being exported can be diversified at the same time exploration of internal market to increase or maintain the GDP (Global Finance, 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consumer Loyalty Consumer loyalty is largely based on their confidence on the company’s products. The best way therefore for the company to win and maintain consumer base is to ensure that the quality of the product is up to the expectations of the consumer. Customer support relations should be implemented such that the clients’ views and recommendations gathered and implemented. This helps the clients to feel part of the company and therefore increase their loyalty and consequently the customers will im prove their willingness to spend (Bea, 2010). Economic Future The economic future of the company is based on proper decision making at every phase during the company’s life cycle to ensure that there are enough measures put in place for instance during the growth stage, marketing is very instrumental and customer promotion is also key. Expansion The expansion of the business should be based on adequate research of the market. It is important to carry out an extensive study about the competitors also so as to have enough information. The management should also carry out efficient site survey to ensure a strategic position to capture the market. The quality of production in the new plant however should be maintained to ensure a good brand name in the market and thus increase consumption, increasing the revenue of the company. U-SHAPED Economic Future This has projected a reduction in the sales in the following year. It is recommended therefore that the company should ensure tha t their consumers are given incentives so as to encourage them to buy the goods. Due to lack of loans the company should seek for external investors who are willing to buy in order to increase the sales. The company should also introduce credit facilities since this will help in increasing sales during the times when the client are financially disadvantaged. Alternatively the company’s production should be shaped to fit the demand to save on cost of production by avoiding over production (Orit James, n.d).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on GDP Growth Rate and Economic Future of United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The V-SHAPED Economic Future The cost of fuel-cell plug in vehicles should be made lower during the introductory stage so that it can attract more consumers in the rather competitive field and overpower the alternative sources. Marketing of the products’ superiority over the current battery is of importance and therefore the company can maintain some static performance before capturing the market and increase drastically. W-SHAPED Economic Future The intermittent future of the company can be evaded through exploration of alternative production of cheaper batteries to gather for the demands throughout all the seasons. The company should put in place measures such as price regulation, incentives and credit facilities during the moments when the company is experiencing downward trend. During the times when the company is on an upward trend they should invest in winning a brand in the market through the use of quality and rebranding where possible. The production also should be in tandem with consumption. The company should also explore exporting their goods to other countries and thus increase market base to aid during the times when the performance is low (Virts, Garrett, 1970). The W-Shaped economic future, details a recovery cut short by recession, then a seco nd rebound. The slowdown in this unstable economy has created a major problem for Larson to cut back on business expansion to other countries. In conclusion it is important to develop efficient measures to ensure that destructive anticipations are averted while positive projections are promoted (Robbins Judge, 2007). References Bea. (2010). U.S. Department of Commerce Bureau of Economic Analysis. Web. Global Finance. (2010). Germany Country Report:GDP data and GDP forecast. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More McConnell, C.R., Brue, S.L., Flynn, S.M. (2009). Econmoics: Principles, Problems, and Policies. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Orit, G., James, L. (n.d). Profit Pools: a fresh look at strategy. Harvard Business Review, 76(3), 139. Robbins, S., Judge, T. (2007). Organizational Behavior (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentce Hall. Virts, J.R., Garrett, R.W. (1970). Weighing risk in capacity expansion. Harvard Business Review, 48(3), 132.

101 Scene Analysis and Never Marry a Mexican Professor Ramos Blog

101 Scene Analysis and Never Marry a Mexican â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican† Quick Write Why did Cisneros write this story from the perspective of an adultress? What is the value in that? â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican† â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican† short story by Sandra Cisneros. Let’s break it down. Who are the characters? What themes do you notice? What point of view did the author use? What are some key scenes that stick out to you? Scene Analysis Pick a scene that you think is particularly memorable or important. You can pick one from whichever story you will be writing about. Draw a comic of the scene. Make sure to add text, or dialogue to the scene like a comic book. Now, describe the scene you drew in words. A picture is worth a thousand words. Explain the significance of the scene to your thesis or the story. Analysis Introduction In a literary analysis, the introduction is important because it needs to do some work. It needs to set up your argument, position, and prepare the reader for the work you are doing. Here are two examples from previous semester that do this well. How Clemencia’s Mother Ruined Her Love Life Look at how the author sets up their analysis. They don’t begin with I. They set up the topic, leading to their argument and thesis. Everything you need to know about the paper is in the introduction. Never Marry a Mexican: The Hidden Complexities of Clemencia This intro has a lot of work to do to set up the more complex argument that the author is making. They spend more time explaining so that the reader can follow along with the argument. It includes their position. Use any one of these as models to structure your introduction. Make sure to introduce your topic, explain your position, and provide a clear thesis. Never Marry a Mexican, The Movie We have discussed the story Never Marry a Mexican in class. Now, imagine that we are tasked with casting the movie version of the short story. Who would you pick to play the parts of the story? Make sure to explain why. The Cast: Clemencia Drew Megan Drew’s Son Ximena Clemencia’s Mom Clemencia’s Dad Come up with a cast for the movie. Pay special attention to Clemencia and Drew. Who would be perfect for the part? Why? Homework CISNEROS â€Å"There was a Man, There was a Woman† (133)

Learn about Charles Messiers Catalog of Objects

Learn about Charles Messier's Catalog of Objects In the mid-18th century, astronomer Charles Messier began studying the sky under the direction of the French Navy and its astronomer Joseph Nicolas Delisle. Messier was taxed with recording the comets he saw in the sky. Not surprisingly, as he studied the heavens, Messier came across a large number of objects that werent comets. Key Takeaways: The Messier Objects The Messier Objects are named for astronomer Charles Messier who compiled his list in the mid 1700s while searching for comets.  Today, astronomers still refer to this catalog of objects as the M objects. Each is identified with the letter M and a number.The most distant Messier object that can be seen with the naked eye is the Andromeda Galaxy, or M31.The Messier Objects catalog contains information about 110 nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies. Messier decided to compile these objects into a list that other astronomers could use as they searched the sky. The idea was to make it easier for others to ignore these objects as they, too, looked for comets. This list eventually became known as the Messier Catalog, and contains all objects Messier viewed through his 100-mm telescope from his latitude in France. First published in 1871, the list has been updated as recently as 1966. What Are the Messier Objects? Messier cataloged an amazing array of objects that astronomers still refer to today as the M objects. Each is identified with the letter M and a number. M13 is the brightest of the globular clusters in Hercules. It is the 13th object in Messiers list of faint fuzzies.. Rawastrodata, via Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 3.0.   Star Clusters First, there are the star clusters. With todays telescopes, its fairly easy to look at many of Messiers clusters and pick out individual stars. Yet, back in his day, these collections of stars probably looked fairly fuzzy through his telescope. Some, such as M2, a globular cluster in the constellation Aquarius, are just barely visible to the naked eye. Others are easy to see without a telescope. These include the globular cluster M13, visible in the constellation Hercules, also known as the Hercules Star Cluster, and M45, commonly known as the Pleiades. The Pleiades is a good example of an open cluster, which is a grouping of stars that travel together and are loosely bound together by gravity. Globulars contain hundreds of thousands of stars and are globe-shaped collections Nebulae Clouds of gas and dust are known as nebulae and exist throughout our galaxy. While nebulae are much dimmer than stars, some, such as the Orion Nebula or the Trifid Nebula in Sagittarius, can be seen with the naked eye under good conditions. The Orion Nebula is a starbirth region in the constellation Orion, while the Trifid is a cloud of hydrogen gas that glows (it is called an emission nebula for that reason), and has stars embedded in it as well.  Ã‚   The Orion Nebula as seen by the collection of instruments aboard Hubble Space Telescope. NASA/ESA/STScI The Messier list also contains information about supernova remnants and planetary nebulae. When a supernova explodes, it sends clouds of gas and other elements hurtling through space at high speed. These catastrophic explosions occur only when the most massive stars die, those that are at least eight to ten times the mass of the Sun. The best-known M object that is a supernova explosion remnant is called M1 and is more commonly known as the Crab Nebula. It is not visible to the naked eye but can be viewed through a small telescope. Look for it in the direction of the constellation Taurus.  Ã‚   Hubble Space Telescopes view of the Crab Nebula supernova remnant. NASA/ESA/STScI Planetary nebulae occur when smaller stars like the Sun die. Their outer layers dissipate while whats left of the star shrinks to become a white dwarf star. Messier charted a number of these, including the famous Ring Nebula, identified as M57 on his list. The Ring Nebula is not visible to the naked eye but can be found using binoculars or a small telescope in the constellation Lyra, the Harp.   You can see a white dwarf at the heart of the Ring Nebula. This is a Hubble Space Telescope image. The Ring Nebula consists of a white dwarf at the center of an expanding shell of gases expelled by the star. It is possible our star could end up like this. NASA/ESA/STScI. Messiers Galaxies There are 42 galaxies in the Messier Catalogue. They are classified by their shapes, including spirals, lenticulars, ellipticals, and irregulars. The most famous is the Andromeda Galaxy, which is called M31. Its the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way and can be seen with the naked eye from a good dark-sky site. Its also the most distant object that can be seen with the naked eye. It lies more than 2.5 million light-years away. All other galaxies in the Messier Catalogue are visible only through binoculars (for the brighter ones) and telescopes (for the dimmer ones).   At 2.5 million light-years, the Andromeda Galaxy is the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way. The term light-year was invented to handle the immense distances between objects in the universe. Later, parsec was developed for truly huge distances. Adam Evans/Wikimedia Commons. A Messier Marathon: Viewing all the Objects A Messier Marathon, wherein observers try to view all the Messier objects in one night, is only possible once a year, usually from mid-March to mid-April. Of course, the weather can be a factor. Observers typically begin their search for Messier objects as soon after sundown as possible. The search starts in the western part of the sky to catch a glimpse of any objects that are about to set.  Then, observers work their way east to try and see all 110 objects before the sky brightens near sunrise the next day.   A successful Messier Marathon can be quite challenging, particularly when an observer is trying to find those objects embedded in the vast star clouds of the Milky Way. Weather or clouds can obscure the view of some of the dimmer objects. People interested in doing a Messier Marathon usually do them in conjunction with an astronomy club. Special star parties are organized each year, and some clubs give out certificates to those who manage to capture them all. Most observers practice by observing Messier objects throughout the year, which gives them a better chance of finding them during a marathon. Its not really something a beginner can do, but it is something to strive for as one gets better at stargazing. The Messier Marathons website has helpful hints for observers wanting to pursue their own Messier chase.   Seeing Messier Objects Online For observers who dont have telescopes, or the ability to get out and observe Charles Messiers objects, there are a number of online image resources. The Hubble Space Telescope has observed most of the list, and you can see many of the stunning images in the Space Telescope Science Institutes Flickr catalog. Sources Astropixels.com, astropixels.com/messier/messiercat.html.â€Å"Charles Messier - Scientist of the Day.†Ã‚  Linda Hall Library, 23 June 2017, www.lindahall.org/charles-messier/.Garner, Rob. â€Å"Hubbles Messier Catalog.†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, 28 Aug. 2017, www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubble-s-messier-catalog.Torrance Barrens Dark-Sky Preserve | RASC, www.rasc.ca/messier-objects.

Push and pull factors in Syrian migration Research Paper

Push and pull factors in Syrian migration - Research Paper Example nd of this paper will establish the various factors that lead to the Syrian migration, and how voices from all over the world help to put a stop to the war in Syria. Since March 2011 involvement of Syria in the war that has brought about international concern. The cause of the war is because the Syrian government reacted harshly to a group of demonstrators of the Arab Spring. This lead to an outburst from the Arab Spring, and rebels who in return begun war to fight the government. Since that incident in 2011, the Syrian residents have fled to other countries for security, and peace. The bombing in cities has destroyed the beautiful country and violated the humanitarian rights. Basic needs like food and medication cannot the accessed by the civilians due to the continuing war (Semple 3rd January 2014). The United Nations has tried bringing people in the country with no success; it is left with the burden of providing for the refugees fleeing the country. Refugees run away to countries like Jordan, Lebanon, UK, Australia and USA among other countries. Thousands of people escape from Syria every day due to fear of seeing their neighbors houses bombed. The United Nations estimates that around 6.2 million people are internally displaced while 512,000 people have been registered in refugee camps. The United Nations believe that 610,000 have fled to other countries seeking for refuge. This action demonstrates that the neighboring countries have overcrowded population (Jim 29th November 2013). The fleeing of the Syrian people acts as a push factor because the people flee the country due to fear of getting killed. The pull factor is the soldiers flowing in to support either side of the civil war gain politically, and economically. The migrants face difficult conditions in the countries they flee to; in some cases the locals are not receiving them warmly. In Lebanon, a citizen interviewed indicated that before the refugees came into the town, the town was peaceful and

Soviet Union during Gorbachev Presidency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Soviet Union during Gorbachev Presidency - Essay Example By the late 80s, if the cold war was becoming a major limitation for the Soviet Union, the US administration was also getting cognizant of the constraints being posed by that icy conflict. Thus a thorough understanding of the decline of the Soviet Union during the Gorbachev era raises many hitherto unexpected issues (Dukes, 1993). Therefore the onus for the decline of the Soviet Union both before and after Gorbachev needs to be interpreted in the context of the socio-economic, political and cultural changes that defined the Soviet Union in 1991. Communism was as much an economic and social doctrine as a political strategy. It is really surprising to note that the Bolsheviks primarily came to power by riding on a band wagon of simple economic promises that is the extension of food, clothing and shelter to the suffering masses (Sviderskii, 1930). Hence the demise of the Soviet Union was as much a failure of the Communist economic model, as a victory of the Western democratic and capitalist ideals. The Gorbachev era was the culmination of a long history of disastrous economic policies pursued by the successive soviet regimes over the decades. So the decline of the Soviet Union when Gorbachev came to power needs to be understood in the subaltern context of the failure of the Soviet state to provide the basic means of sustenance to the masses. Food definitely constitutes an important aspect of this state failure on the part of the communist regime. In the late 20s, the Soviet regime went ahead with a positive note in the sense that it supported the idea of allowing for private agriculture and the free market economy pertaining to food grains, while retaining the Communist Party's hold over the basic market frameworks (Sviderskii, 1930). However, the agents of doom were let lose when Stalin decided in favour of the state control over agriculture and the production and the management of food stocks (Gaider, 2007). Stalin chose to do so despite the cautions extended by many of his trusted comrades like Bukharin and Rykov (Gaider, 2007).The pursuance of this food policy between 1920 and 1950 resulted in a sharp decline in the Soviet agricultural production, despite the fact that it had access to some of the largest farming tracts in the world (Desai, 1986). In fact Nikita Khrushchev wrote a letter delivered to many of his friends, mentioning that, "In the last fifteen years we have not increased the collection of grain. Meanwhile we are experiencing a radical increase of urban population. How can we resolve this problem (Gaider, 2007)"At some time in the 50s, the Soviet planners alarmed by this scarcity, put their heads together to grapple with this pressing issue and several options were

Performance of Deerfield Massacre Research Paper

Performance of Deerfield Massacre - Research Paper Example When the army led by France attacked Deerfield in the evening of 29 February 1704, (Haefeli, Sweeney) villagers were busy in their day to day chaos; they had not even a single hint of what is going to happen. But that happened. Â  You can give any name for this; a natural calamity, a mass murder or a conspiracy. Present day America consider this day in the history to be erased and some take it as an example for not to repeat the same. Â  Really it has to be like that, and should not take the incident personally. There is no doubt that the war was between British and French; (Borneman) but the victims were the Common Americans only; killing them locked inside a palisade (Melvoin) was a very cruel human act. Â  That was because of the disunity among the Americans, the outsiders captured and attacked innocent locals once and again and end up in a terrible massacre. Hope such will never repeat in America and world as a whole

VPN Virtual Private Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

VPN Virtual Private Network - Essay Example iddle, replay attacks, brute force, password guessers and dictionary attacks, and social attacks (Fortenberry, 2001).† Thus, more effective ways of combating the threats especially in terms of access to the network are extremely important in order to determine that those who access an information systems infrastructure are authorized and recognized by the system. One of the technologies available in protecting the information systems environment is via the deployment of a virtual private network or VPN. â€Å"A virtual private network (VPN) is a private communications network often used by companies or organizations, to communicate confidentially over a public network. VPN traffic can be carried over a public networking infrastructure (e.g. the Internet) on top of standard protocols, or over a service providers private network with a defined Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. A VPN can send data e.g. voice, data or video, or a combination of these media, across secured and encrypted private channels between two points. (Wikipedia, 2007)† The encryption methodology in VPN is an end-to-end system whereby â€Å"the process of taking all the data that one computer is sending to another and encoding it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. Most computer encryption systems belong in one of two categories: Symmetric-key encryption and Public-key encryption. A well-designed VPN can greatly benefit a compan y by: Aside from a well-designed VPN, the advantages of implementing and deploying a VPN in an enterprise means â€Å"cost savings because organizations no longer have to use expensive leased or frame relay lines and are able to connect remote users to their corporate networks via a local ISP instead of via expensive 800-number or long distance calls to resource-consuming modem banks. The security provided by VPNs is the highest level of security using advanced encryption and authentication

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity - Essay Example This paper therefore will discuss three different religions, which include Sikh, Buddhism, and Baha’i in relation to health care provision diversity. In addition, the paper will provide different philosophies that these three religions and faiths use in order to provide services to their members. Besides, the paper will discuss and compare these three faiths with the Christianity as a religion (Berkowitz & Schewe, 2011). Sikh faith and religion Sikh faith is a monotheistic religion that was founded in the earl 15th century in a place called Punjab in Indian countries by Guru Nanak. Currently, there are about ten Gurus in the world. According to this faith, there are some beliefs that its members and followers must follow, one of them being compulsorily putting on and wearing of veil by all women who are members of this faith. In addition, this religion does not allow its followers to cut their hairs. Taking drugs such as alcohol and smoking are prohibited according to the fait h and norms of the Sikh religion. Although the Punjab may take bhang for medication reasons, the followers of the religion are not allowed to take any intoxicant substances. Again, the religion does not allow its members to have too much materials wealth, while its members are usually expected to live like soldiers in that, they are not allowed to beg for anything from others. Besides, this religion does not allow sacrifices of animals during rituals. Given that rituals and superstitions are not allowed, Sikhs are banned from eating of meat that was slaughtered in a ritual-like manner. One of the rituals that are prohibited is the act of circumcision (Samanta, 2013). Furthermore, this religion forbids some of the various ill talks about others such as bragging, lying and even gossiping. Moreover, the religion prevents its members from involving in extramarital sexual activities unless under proper marriage procedures. The religion also requires its members to be honest and be genero us through acts such as sharing of properties. This religion is very practical and very creative. It believes that God is the creator of everything; hence, He is all-powerful and is omnipresent. The followers of this religion believe the understanding of god is beyond human knowledge. Therefore, from this religion, it is clear that they value helping others and sharing of materials with the less privileged as one of the most important teachings of the religion. In addition, since the religion believes that all human beings are equal before God despite one’s color, tribe, sex, or religion, it is clear that health providers who deal with members of this religion will not encounter many problems as long as they respect the importance of diversity in their profession. On the other hand, according to Sikh religion, the members are required only to pray for God’s help during cases of sickness, as well as for forgiveness. Playing audiotapes of their songs may be required, esp ecially to console the sick. Again, they also believe that sickness may be due to the will of God, and therefore, one must go and seek for health care to become better and to get treatment for the sickness. In providing health care services to members of Sikh religion, health care workers need to observe some of the following considerations. To begin with, the healthcare providers need to give

VPN Virtual Private Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

VPN Virtual Private Network - Essay Example iddle, replay attacks, brute force, password guessers and dictionary attacks, and social attacks (Fortenberry, 2001).† Thus, more effective ways of combating the threats especially in terms of access to the network are extremely important in order to determine that those who access an information systems infrastructure are authorized and recognized by the system. One of the technologies available in protecting the information systems environment is via the deployment of a virtual private network or VPN. â€Å"A virtual private network (VPN) is a private communications network often used by companies or organizations, to communicate confidentially over a public network. VPN traffic can be carried over a public networking infrastructure (e.g. the Internet) on top of standard protocols, or over a service providers private network with a defined Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the VPN customer and the VPN service provider. A VPN can send data e.g. voice, data or video, or a combination of these media, across secured and encrypted private channels between two points. (Wikipedia, 2007)† The encryption methodology in VPN is an end-to-end system whereby â€Å"the process of taking all the data that one computer is sending to another and encoding it into a form that only the other computer will be able to decode. Most computer encryption systems belong in one of two categories: Symmetric-key encryption and Public-key encryption. A well-designed VPN can greatly benefit a compan y by: Aside from a well-designed VPN, the advantages of implementing and deploying a VPN in an enterprise means â€Å"cost savings because organizations no longer have to use expensive leased or frame relay lines and are able to connect remote users to their corporate networks via a local ISP instead of via expensive 800-number or long distance calls to resource-consuming modem banks. The security provided by VPNs is the highest level of security using advanced encryption and authentication

Fair Trade Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Fair Trade Principles - Essay Example Scarce commodities are considered much more important than commodities available in abundance hence there is a significant difference between the prices of scarce commodities and the commodities which are available in abundance. Let us now consider the demand aspect of the price theory, the demand aspect of the price theory is driven by an important factor which is how desperately a consumer is in need of that commodity or service. If a consumer is urgently in need of the service or commodity, he/she wouldn't mind spending even double the amount of money which they would have spent in normal circumstances. So the demand aspect of the price theory is all about the desire of the consumer to have that particular commodity or service at his/her disposal. Another important aspect which is very important is the demand curve; demand curve gives a good enough indication of the will of consumers to buy the commodity or the service at that particular price. Demand curve and supply curves are studied by an organization to arrive at an equilibrium price. Equilibrium cost is the fixed cost and this changes only when the demand and supply is changed and it does not change unless the demand and supply changes. Let us now take into consideration the difference between luxury goods and necessities, the ... he level of income of an individual goes on to decide what luxury is and what is necessity For instance a rich person can stop buying bikes and as a replacement start collecting cars, this purely depends on the level of income of people. The word luxury has more meanings than one, one often mistakes luxury as a status symbol, for instance a person can buy a Nike shoe considering as a luxury knowing very little about how good the shoe is, so it depends on individuals on how they define luxury. Euro Star and its Price Theory Euro star is a high speed train which covers areas in London, Brussels and Paris. The price theory of the high speed train will be highlighted in the remaining of the paper. There are three different classes namely, the standard class, the Leisure select and the last one is Business Premier. The rates vary depending upon the class, for a journey from London to Paris it would roughly cost about 178 if one chooses to travel in Standard class, on the other hand the fare is higher if one chooses to travel by Leisure select, it would cost roughly about 325 if one chooses a two way journey from London to Paris and back. The third and the most expensive class is the Business Premier which would cost a person roughly about 328.50 for a one way journey from London to Paris. The demand factor of the price theory comes into effect here; people opt to travel by Euro star because they have the willingness to pay for the service offered by the train. This is a very essential concept in price theor y, if the people don't feel the willingness to travel by the train they will stop travelling by the train. This goes to show that the prices of the services offered by the train are quite reasonable and this is exactly why the people feel willing to travel

Critically evaluate the claim that culture is best understood as a system of symbolic classification Essay Example for Free

Critically evaluate the claim that culture is best understood as a system of symbolic classification Essay Introduction                      This essay will focus on evaluating the claim that culture is perfectly understood as a symbolic classification system. Culture can be defined as cumulative deposit of beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, values, experience, roles, meanings, spatial relations, hierarchies, notions of time, possessions and material objects obtained by a group of individuals in the course of the generations through group and individual thriving. Culture involves patterns implicit and explicit, for and of behavior obtained and conveyed through symbols, representing the unique achievement of the human groups, comprising of their personifications in artifacts; the fundamental core of culture include the traditional ideas and particularly their emotionally involved values; culture systems on the other hand may be deemed as products of action. A symbol refers to any object, usually material, meant to stand for another, even though there is no significant relationship. Typically culture is founded on a shared set of meanings and symbols. Symbolic culture allows human communication and therefore must be taught. The symbolic culture is more adaptable and malleable than biological evolution. Humans subconsciously and consciously, strive always in making logic of their surrounding world. Some symbols like objects, words, gestures and signs assist individuals in understanding the world. Usually symbols offer clues in understanding the experiences. They usually express familiar meanings which are shared by the societies. Uniform and badge held by police officers represent symbols of law or authority enforcement. When an officer is seen wearing a uniform or in a squad car enhances reassurance in man citizens, and anger, fear, or annoyance among others (Browne et al, 1990, p38-p42). The world has countless symbols. Company logos, traffic signs and sports uniforms are some of the symbols. A gold sign in some cultures symbolizes marriage. There are some symbols which are very functional; for example, stop signs offers valuable instruction. They belong to the material culture since they are physical objects, however they function like symbols, in addition they pass on nonmaterial cultural meanings. Some of the symbols are only helpful in what they signify. Gold medals, trophies and blue ribbons, for instance, provide no other function other than representing the accomplishments. However numerous objects have both nonmaterial and material symbolic value. Symbols are usually taken for granted easily. Few individuals challenge or even consider sticking the figure signs on the public bathrooms’ doors. However those figures signs are more than being mere symbols which informs women and men which bathrooms they are supposed to use. Also they uphold the value, in U SA, that restrooms ought to be gender exclusive. Even if stalls are comparatively private, most places do not offer bathrooms that are unisex (Hoijer, 1954, p. 14). Symbols frequently get recognized when used out of context. Symbols express strong messages and are used unconventionally. Even destruction of symbols is perceived to be symbolic. Effigies signifying public figures are beaten so as to express anger at particular leaders. Crowds in 1989 tore down Berlin wall a symbols which decades-old of the division between West and East, capitalism and communism. While diverse cultures have different systems of symbols however language is common to all. Language refers to a symbolic system by which individuals’ converse and through which the culture is spread. Various languages include a system of symbols utilized for written communication, whereas others rely on nonverbal actions and spoken communication. Societies regularly share one language, and a lot of languages have the same fundamental components. An alphabet refers to a written system which is made of symbolic shapes which refer to sound which is spoken. These symbols taken together , express definite meanings. English alphabet employs a mixture of 26 letters in order to create words; where these 26 letters create over 600,000 English words which are recognized (Smith, 2001, p. 46). Case study 1                      Additionally, through using language, individuals’ converse without using words. The communication which is nonverbal is symbolic, and, similar to the case of language, a lot of it is learned by the individual’s culture. Various signals are almost universal: crying regularly represents sadness and smiles frequently signify joy. Additional nonverbal symbols differ across the cultural backgrounds in their meaning. For instance, a thumbs-up symbol in the United States shows positive support, while in Australia and Russia, it signifies an offensive curse. Various gestures differ in meaning depending with the individual and the situation. A symbol of waving the hand can represent numerous things, considering for whom it is done and how it’s done. It may signify â€Å"no thank you,† â€Å"hello,† or â€Å"I’m royalty,† or â€Å"goodbye.† Winks express a range of messages, comprising of â€Å"Iâ€⠄¢m only kidding,† or â€Å"I’m attracted to you,† Or â€Å"We have a secret.† From a distance, an individual can comprehend the emotional idea of two individuals in conversation just through examining their facial expressions and body language. Folded arms and Furrowed brows signify a serious topic, perhaps a disagreement. Smiles, with arms open and heads lifted, imply a cheerful, friendly conversation (Durkheim, 2003, p. 41). Case study two                      Even though language is possibly the most apparent system of symbols that used in communication, numerous things we do express a symbolic meaning. For instance, of the way individuals dress and what it signifies to other individuals. The manner in which a person dress symbolically communicates to other people if that individual care about academics or if he or she is a fan of their schools football group, or it might converse that the individual is a fan of punk music or has adopted an anarchist philosophy. In various urban settings, the symbolic meaning of individuals clothes can signify gang connection. Other gang associates use these symbolic sartorial signs to identify allies or enemies. Anthropologists argues that, through their evolution course, individuals evolved a universal individual capacity to categorize experiences, as well as encoding and communicating them symbolically, like with language which is written. Due to the fact that symboli c systems were learned as well as being taught, they started developing independently of the biological evolution. Since this capacity for social learning and symbolic thinking is a human evolution product confuses older arguments regarding nurture versus nature. This view of culture shows that individuals who live away from each other begin develops distinct cultures. Basics of different cultures, but, can spread easily from one group of individuals to another. Belief that culture is coded symbolically and can, consequently, can be taught from one individual to another, meaning that cultures can change even if they are bounded. Culture is dynamic can be learned and taught, which makes it a rapid adaption form potentially to variations in the physical conditions. Anthropologists usually view culture both as supplement and product of the biological evolution; culture can be perceived as the core means of human version to the world which is natural (Middleton, 2002, p.16). The above view of culture as symbolic system with the adaptive functions varying from one place to another, made the anthropologists to conceive of various cultures as described through different structures or patterns of continuing conventional meaning sets. These meanings took solid form in diversity of artifacts like rituals and myths, tools, well as the planning of villages and the design of housing. Anthropologists differentiate between symbolic culture and material culture, not only since each signifies distinct types of human activity, however also because they comprise of different forms of data that necessitate dissimilar methodologies to study. The culture sociology relates to culture since it is evident in the society: the ways of acting, the ways of thinking and the material objects that collectively shape the individual’s way of life. In regard to Max Weber, the symbols are very essential features of culture: individuals employ symbols to convey their spirituality as well as the spiritual side of actual events, and perfect interests are obtained from the symbols (Smith, 2001, p.21-24). In accordance with the sociologists, symbols composes one of the five essential basics of culture, the others being norms, values, language and beliefs. Symbolic anthropology perceives culture as independent system of meaning decoded through interpreting the key rituals and symbols (Werness, 2000, p.37). In conclusion, it is evident that culture is as set of symbolic classifications, referred to as a group of symbols which can prearranged into a paradigmatic set, frequently hierarchical. These systems of classifications show a world view or tribal order. Languages are constituted of the systems of classifications like grammars. Grammars classify number, person and time. Cultures consist of unconscious classifications which include relatives, plants, colors and animals. References Browne, R. B., Fishwick, M. W., Browne, K. O. (1990). Dominant symbols in popular culture. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. Durkheim, E. (2003). Emile Durkheim sociologist of modernity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub..Hoijer, H. (1954). Language in culture: conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Middleton, J. (2002). Culture. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub..Smith, P. (2001). Cultural theory: cn introduction. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell :. Werness, H. B. (2000). The Continuum encyclopedia of native art: worldview, symbolism, and culture in Africa, Oceania, and native North America. New York: Continuum. Source document

Analysis of Tools for Data Cleaning and Quality Management

Analysis of Tools for Data Cleaning and Quality Management Data cleaning is needed in process of combining heterogeneous data sources with relation or tables in databases. Data cleaning or data cleansing or data scrubbing is defined as removing and detecting errors along with ambiguities existing in files, log tables. It is done with the aim to improve quality of data. Data quality and data cleaning are both related terms. Both are directly proportional to each other. If data is cleansed timely then quality of data will get improved day by day. There are various data cleaning tools that are freely available on net. The tools include Winpure Clean and Match, OpenRefine, Wrangler, Data cleaner and many more. The thesis presents information about WinPure Clean and Match data cleaning tool, its benefits and applications in running environment due to its three filtered mechanism of cleaning data. Its implementation has been done by taking user defined database and results are presented in this chapter. WinPure Clean and Match It is one of easiest and simplest three phase filtered cleaning tool to perform data cleansing and data de-duplication. It is designed in such a way that running this application saves time and money. The main benefit of this tool is that we can import two tables or lists at same time. The software uses fuzzy matching algorithm technique for performing powerful data de-duplication. The functions of this tool are as follows: Removes redundant data from databases in faster way. Correct misspellings and incorrect email addresses. It also converts words to uppercase or lowercase depending on user’s demand. Removes unwanted punctuation and spelling errors. Helps to relocate missing data and gives statistics in form of 3D chart. This option can be proven useful in finding population percentage of particular area. It automatically capitalizes first alphabet of every word. Advantages Increases accuracy and utilization of database (either professional database, user defined database or consumer database). Eliminate duplicity from databases using fuzzy matching de-duplication technique. Increases industry perspectives by using standard naming conventions with facility of removing duplicate data from original data. Export given file into various formats like access, excel(95), excel (2007), outlook systems etc. Applications The software is made for use from normal users to IT professionals. It is ideal for marketing, banking, universities and various IT organizations. Working of WinPure Clean and Match Clean and Match is made of three components- Data, Clean and Match. Data gives us imported list of tables. Clean option consists of seven modules each having different purposes. The clean section is basically used to analyze, clean, correct and correctly populate given table without removing duplicity. It has separate cleansing modules like Statistics Module, Case converter, Text cleaner, Column cleaner, E-mail cleaner, column splitter and column merger. Match section is used to detect duplicity using fuzzy matching de-duplication technique. WinPure Clean and Match contains a unique 3 step approach for finding duplications in given list or database. Step 1: The first step is to specify which table/s and columns you would like to use to search for possible duplications. Step 2: The second step is to specify which matching technique you would like to use either basic (telephone numbers, emails, etc) or advanced de-duplication with or without fuzzy matching (names, addresses, etc. Step 3: The final step is to specify which viewing screen you would like to use, WinPure Clean Match offers two unique viewing screens for managing the duplicated records. Limitations of WinPure Clean and Match (a) It has nothing to deal with connectivity and networking of dataset. It simply removes redundant words by cleaning and matching data. (b) It is not derived from any expert systems like Simile Longwell CSI and lacks client server terminology. (c) It means modifying/updating dataset is not possible once data is imported in tool. Google Refine Google refine overcomes the limitations of WinPure Clean and Match. It was earlier called as OpenRefine. It is powerful tool for working with dirty data and cleans, transforms data along with various services to link it to databases like Freebase. OpenRefine understands a variety of data file formats. Currently, it tries to guess the format based on the file extension. For example,.xmlfiles are of course in XML. By default, an unknown file extension is assumed to be either tab-separated value (TSV) or comma-separated value (CSV). Once imported, the data is stored in OpenRefines own format, and original data file is left undisturbed. Google Refine Architecture OpenRefine is a web application that is intended to be run on ones own machine and used by oneself. The machine has server as well as client side. The server-side maintains states of the data (undo/redo history, long-running processes, etc.) while the client-side maintains states of the user interface (facets and their selections, view pagination, etc.). The client-side makes GET and POST Ajax calls to modify and fetch data related information from server side. The architecture has come into existence from expert systems like Simile Long well CSI, a faceted browser for RDF data. It provides a good separation of concerns (data vs. Universal interface) and also makes it quick and easy to implement user interface features using familiar web technologies. Server-Side: It tells about modeling of data and storing it into given repository. Client-Side: It tells about building of GUI. Faceted Browsing: It is related to facets (text, column). It tells how to use facets in browsing data. Reconciliation Service API: It describes a standard reconciliation service structure. 5.6. Using Data Quality Services in connecting databases This section is to provide high quality data by introducing data quality services (DQS) in Microsoft SQL Server. The data-quality solution provided by Data Quality Services (DQS) enables an IT professional to maintain the quality of their data and ensure that the data is suited for its business usage. DQS is a knowledge-driven solution that provides both computer-assisted and interactive ways to manage the integrity and quality of your data sources. DQS enables you to discover, build, and manage knowledge about your data. You can then use that knowledge to perform data cleansing, matching, and profiling.It is based on building of knowledge base or test bed to identify the quality of data as well as correcting bad quality of data. Data Quality Services is a very important concept of SQL Server. Utilisation of data cleaning and quality phases The process of data cleaning starts from the starting phase when user chooses data from random dataset from internet or some books. A framework showing utility of these processes is described below in form of sequential steps listed below: Step 1) Choose random dataset Step 2) Shorten it as per user requirements Step 3) Find whether data contains dirty bits or not. Step 4) Cleanse data by testing it on application platforms like WinPure Clean and Match and Google Refine. Step 5) Then the task of creating high quality data is initiated. Step 6) Connect refined database with SQL server. Step7) Install Data Quality Services (DQS). Step 8) Knowledge base is built through DQS interface. Step 9) After building database, process of knowledge discovery has been started. Step 10) In knowledge discovery process, normalization of string values has been done to replace incorrect spellings and errors. Step 11) It leads to production of high quality data by removing dirty bits of data. Shortcomings of the existing tools WinPure Clean and Match simply clean data by removing redundant words. It does not give information about synonyms and homophones. This data cleaning tool produces moderate correctness level. The tool only gives details of incorrect words and matched words instead of removing similar words. It leads to wastage of memory and less accuracy. Data Quality Services (DQS) is somewhat complex for non technical users. A normal person cannot use this quality software without having knowledge of databases. DQS improves data quality with human intervention. If user selects correct spelling of given word, then DQS approves it else reject it. There is no automatic system for detection of strings and synonyms. One has to create set up of SQL in machine to use it. Both tools work syntactically rather than semantically. That is the reason they are unable to find synonyms. These tools corrects given data according to predefined syntaxes like spelling errors, omitting commas etc. Keeping the above shortcomings in consideration, the study has proposed data cleaning algorithm by using String detection Matching technique via WordNet.

Americas Juvenile Justice System Essays -- Crime Criminal Delinquent

The Juvenile Justice system, since its conception over a century ago, has been one at conflict with itself. Originally conceived as a fatherly entity intervening into the lives of the troubled urban youths, it has since been transformed into a rigid and adversarial arena restrained by the demands of personal liberty and due process. The nature of a juvenile's experience within the juvenile justice system has come almost full circle from being treated as an adult, then as an unaccountable child, now almost as an adult once more. Studies and anecdotes have shown that our modern approach, however, is ill-equipped to reduce crime or deal with chronic delinquents while at the same time protecting their due liberties. We now stand on the precipice of decision: How can we strike an appropriate balance in the juvenile justice system? Should we even retain a separate system for children at all? The answers are usually difficult, sometimes subtle, but always possible to attain. This paper will analyze the different theoretical issues pertaining to the modern juvenile court, determine their origin, and suggest a course of action for resolving these issues to the best extent possible. It is important to note, however, that the juvenile justice system alone cannot ever prevent all juvenile crime, respond perfectly to every situation or treat every suspect fairly. Furthermore, an effective antidote to modern juvenile crime would necessitate far broader action, addressing underlying social structure inequalities that breed poverty and social disorganization. The Creation of Childhood and Its Court Prior to modern times, Colonial American children were perceived to be small adults, more or less able to interact with grown-ups and ... ... presence of a competent lawyer, that is an issue for the Supreme Court). Judicial waivers would become obsolete. The offenders left in the juvenile system (under age 16) would hardly present anymore than a handful of cases that might raise questions of fitness. If only 1% of older offenders under today?s system are waived, this problem will be mitigated. It may seem harsh to draw the line at 16 without compromise, but we, as Feld points out, do this with many other societal privileges and duties. The draft age is precisely 18, the driving age in most states is precisely 16 and so forth. Is a person more fit to be drunk a week before their 21st birthday than a week after? Drawing one line is the only way to avoid the problems associated with waiver laws that either provide too much discretion that lends itself to discrimination and to provide consistency.

Diversity in American culture Essay

The American culture is one of the outstanding cultures in nature compared with other cultures of the world. The culture of the American people can be regarded as being diversified in nature. (Bernstein N, 2001). The diversity of the American culture is attributed by the fact that America is composed of many ethnic groups with different global origin. The diversity has been found to occur in the dressing habits, eating habits, marriages habits and religion in nature. America has a unique history in nature since it was a founded world which is currently composed of the African –American, White-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and the Indian –Americans. The diversity of the American culture has a lot of controversies which has come into a lot of criticism by the public in general. This paper will try to evaluate the religious diversity among the American people at the same it will try to bring out the driving forces behind this religion diversity. Consequently it will analyze the effects of the religious diversity to the American people. The religious diversity in America has been contributed by the immigration laws which encourage the religious freedom which has created the religious tolerance of the American people. According to Becvar, D. S (1997) â€Å"perhaps the most extreme case of religious pluralism in the world. † . Moreover the American constitution has consequently protected the religious rights of its members. The first amendment of The USA has consequently promoted the right of free worship without any interruptions. Thus the religious diversity has been promoted by the democratic government of the United States of America which has tried to encourage the immigration and at the same time guarating the religious freedom of its citizens. The American religious culture is made of many religious sects. The religious groups which are presently found in America includes the Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Budhism other minority religions (Bullis K, 1996). The religious diversity in the United States of America has proved to be so important to the society in nature, for instance there are a lot of intermarriages between the religious groups. By promoting the intermarriages, harmony is created in the world. The America of today has undergone some radical changes which have created a new America with new religious landscape. Nowdays the number of the immigrants has increased in to a great existent than before. The most growing group which has migrated in larger number is the Hispanics and the Asian groups. Most of the American people have not noticed the radical changes which the religious sector is undergoing in the recent times. We need to focus on such changes and realize that the religious field is currently under metamorphosis. Although the United states of America was being regarded as being a Christian nation, it has become to light that the Muslims have started to increase in their numbers, moreover the Buddhist religion has taken roots in the American land for example the Los Angeles city is a Buddhist city which is recognized as the most concentrated Buddhist city having the immigrants from India,China,Korea and sri lanka. At the same time the immigrants from the Latin America such as from Mexico, Brazil and Spain to the United States of America cities has promoted the growth of the Christianity of the Catholic and the protestant community. According to history the American land has been composed of many religions. The United States of America is undergoing a change in the religious practices. Most of the adults are nowadays have started to change their religious believes from the Christianity since the start of the First World War. However most of the American adults have started to identify themselves with some specific religion. But it has been established that the United States of America is currently losing its protestant members due to the fact that most of the Protestants were executed during the Second World War. The gender ratio has consequently affected the religious groups. It is estimated that 38% -39% of the religious believers are women. moreovcer most of the Muslims are men since the Muslim society allows only men to worship in the mosques, thus the religious practices has been found to affect the number of the believers. The religious believers in the United States of America have been found to affiliate themselves with the political parties. For example the Christian believers affiliate themselves to the Democrat, Republican and the Independents respectively. 56% of those who are the Assemblies of God have preferred to affiliate themselves with the Republican party while 56% of the Jews have preferred the Democratic party. (Burke T,2005). The religious diversity in the United States of America has profound effects on the way people are living. The religion has consequently affected the dressing codes of the individuals, the eating habits of the individuals and the social associations of the involved candidates. On the first case religion has been found to influence the dressing codes of people, for example the Muslim women wears long clothes which are made so that they can not have the direct contact with their male counterparts as it’s believed that it’s a taboo to for the Muslim women to have direct contact with men. At the same time the Hindu men wears what they refer as â€Å"dhoti†. The Christians women on the other hand have a tendency of wearing the trousers and sometimes skirts. Thus it can be concluded that the dressing codes in the United States of America has been influenced by the religion individuals have affiliated themselves to. The religious diversity in the United States of America has influenced the eating habits of the people of the United States of America. Many of the African-Americans are mainly Protestants and hence they have no strict eating habits (Canda. K, 1998). But other Christian members who belong to some sects such as the seventh Day Adventists, Jehovah witness have a lot of the eating restricness. At the same time some Muslim communities are prohibited from eating some foods such as the pork. Consequently the Hindus are prohibited from taking beef which they believe that it is a sacred animal in their religion. In conclusion it can be determined that religion is continuing to play one of the major roles in most people. The United States of America is secular increasingly, you’ve got African groups who bring another dimension of diversity. † in nature and this phenomenon has spread in many states. Baer, H. A (1984) quoted that† In Southern California, we’ve got virtually everyone,† Roof said. â€Å"If you want an indicator of how much diversity there is in Southern California, there are approximately 100 different ethnic Buddhist groups here. With Latinos, it’s similar. With Islam, you get scores of nationalities†. The diversity of the religious believes among the Americans will continue to affect the daily activities of the Americans. References Baer, H. A. (1984). The Black spiritual movement: A religious response to racism. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Becvar, D. S. (1997). Soul healing: A spiritual orientation in counseling and therapy. New York: Basic Books. Bernstein, N. (2001). The lost children of Wilder: The epic struggle to change foster care. New York: Vintage Books. Bullis, R. K. (1996). Spirituality in social work practice. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. Burke, M. T. (2005). Religious and spiritual issues in counseling: Applications across diverse populations. New York: Brunner-Rout ledge. Canada, E. R. (Ed. ) (1998). Spirituality in social work: New directions. New York: Haworth Pastoral Press.