Essay on the Selfish Mrs. Mallard in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour

Selfish Mrs. Mallard in The Story of an Hour Kate Chopins story, The Story of an Hour, may seem to be or so Mrs. Mallards unexpected and ironic reactions to the news of her husbands untimely death due to a railroad disaster. At least thats what I thought when I read the story. It seemed to me that she led a normal life with a normal marriage. She had a stable home life with a kind, loving husband who cared for her. She seemed to love him, sometimes. She had some kind of heart trouble (Chopin 25) that didnt really affect her physically, until the very end. I thought Mrs. Mallard would curb been saddened and filled with grief for an adequate period of time after her spouse died, but her grief passed quickly, and she embraced a new life that she seemed to be content with. because I believe there is good evidence that Mrs. Mallard was an ungrateful woman who did not appreciate her husband or his love for her. That evidence is frame in her selfish behavior after the death of her husb and, Brently Mallard. Mrs. Mallards reaction to the sad news was natural, but her time spent to overcome her grief feelings passed too rapidly. All of a sudden she was eager to start her widowed life. Immediately after she heard the sad news of her husbands death, She wept at once, with sudden, wild abandonment, in her sisters arms (Chopin 25). This is acceptable and understandable to me because I feel that anyone who had just lost his/her spouse would want to be comfort by a close family member. The story then reads, When the storm of grief had spent itself she went away to her room alone. She would have no one follow her (Chopin 25). I found it to be odd that she would just get up and head straight for her room. The t... ...ishness that got its just reward? Work Cited Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour. The Harper Anthology of Fiction. Ed. Sylvan Barnet. raw York HarperCollins, 1991. Works Consulted Bender, Bert. Kate Chopin. forgetful Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol . 8. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1991. 20 vols. Ewell, Barbara C. Kate Chopin. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 8. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1991. 20 vols. Magill, Frank N., ed. Critical Survey of Short Fiction. Revised ed. Vol. 2. Pasadena Salem Press, 1993. 7 vols. Seyersted, Per. Kate Chopin. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Eds. James E. Person, Jr. and Dennis Poupard. Vol. 14. Detroit Gale Research Company, 1984. 60 vols. Skaggs, Peggy. Kate Chopin. Short Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 8. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1991. 20 vols.

Writing For An Audience :: Business Letters

To Whom It May ConcernOur company is on of the largest technology firm in the market indicate as of today. We successfully deliver leading technology to all our clients all over the world, and we will continue to strive to be the most innovated firm divulge t here. For the past 10 years we fork out been focusing on achieving the best results for companies applications, by hiring only the cutting edge programmers in the field today. Since we keep maturation because of all our clients dedication to our company we are looking for a raw(a) home. So on November 14, 2007 we will be moving our company to a new location which will better suit our needs to continue giving exceptional service to our devoted clients. Once this move is complete we will have a more enforced department were our developers our working on bring you better doojigger applications. For many of you may not know what we our developing here our widgets will provide you quick access to Internet sites, desktop utiliti es such as note pad, to do list, calendars, clocks, weather, and task managements. Other such utilities are media players, weathervane cams, games, and desktop animations. We also develop tools to monitor system resources, and application launchers.Beginning in our first quarter of the New Year we will be expanding our widget application department. What this will mean to you is more travel application, greater more precise web tools, and more bandwidth for web applications. We will be more advanced than ever and this will only complement your companies over all performance. Were this will help your company that we our expanding our bandwidth by 46 % where this will give your web applications further more stability and far less lag time. You will start seeing these advancements within late January, and far more advanced services in the early part of the 2nd quarter. So we here at our company are very excited about our new advancements, and we hope you are to. With in the ending w eeks of October there will be some negative effects in our widget developing there will be some prevent in the production we bring to you. As part of our great move we will soon have to break down many of our servers that our programmers use on a daily basis. Unfortunately this will have an ill affect to you our clients, as you already know this slight set back is only outlet to make as a much more solid programming environment.

Elegy, Written With His Own Hand In the Tower Before His Execution and

Comparing Metaphors in Chidiock Tichbornes Elegy, Written With His Own Hand In the Tower Before His operation and William Blakes To externalise A World In A Grain Of SandChidiock Tichbornes Elegy, Written With His Own Hand In the Tower Before His Execution and William Blakes To See A World In A Grain Of Sand contain several fascinating metaphors that produce two impressive verses that capture our imagination. Both of these elegies uphold with life and the contrasting ways it surfaces from within the poets mind. These metaphors (an analogy between two things that give us insight into the unrevealed part) create an image within our minds that fight down our attention throughout the verse.In Blakes, To See A World In A Grain Of Sand, every line is a metaphor that secures our attention and blazes our imagination. Blake expresses a metaphor wisely when he asserts Hold infinity in the palm of your hand (Blake 125, line 3). Humans have always grasped onto time, as if by riveting it tig htly, we can control its outcome multiply time, making time stand still, and so forth. Blake...

Birth order and School Achievement Essay -- essays research papers

Birth fix and School AchievementThere has al demeanors been an attempt to figure out why some people do better in school than others. Is it due to financial stability? Is it attributed to parents own success as students? Very importantly, ones stand ready plays a role in ones school achievement. I. TheoryGrowing up with siblings or the absence of siblings can be a major means in determining academic success. Being the oldest, middle or youngest babe does not necessarily determine academic success concretely without exception, but serves as a predictor of future academic success. School achievement is gauged by how far one goes in his or her education, starting signal from grade school, all the way up to graduate school. Before getting into the victimizational stages across the life span and in the interest of time, I go forth but be discussing line of descent order in terms of the oldest child, middle child, youngest child and only child because configurations of five or more children occur only in 10% of the families with children. The average out family in the U.S. has three (Toman, 1976). Also, I give be dividing the developmental stages into 3 stages childhood, adolescence and adulthood.Childhood (Ages 1-12)The head startborn child is likely to check intensified line upings of power and superiority, high gear anxiety, and overprotective tendencies (Feist & Feist, 2002). The firstborn children usually have a close relationship with the parents than laterborn children. The child has the experience of having his or her parents to him or herself and tends to feel like a kinda important individual (Forer, 1969). For a while, these children are only children until a younger brother or sister is born. They experience a traumatic dethronement, which may development resentment towards the new baby. During this time in their life, firstborns may be jealous and want to seek mother and fathers affection. When it comes to school, in grade school, thes e children will savour to seek attention by being a class clown or a rebellious child. pedagogy itself may not be of interest to them. Report cards may show poor grades and unsatisfactory behavior. This makes sense because before the younger siblings were born, the firstborn child was anxiously awaited. Parents are so proud of the firstborn as their pride and joy. The middle child or s... ...his or her final grade in the class. The students would because be grouped into categories of first born, second born, third born, fourth born, and so on. The students would then be ranked by grades along with their kin orders. I would try to determine the effect of birth order on school achievement. The professor would determine the students final grade.ConclusionWhether or not this questionnaire would find significant results for birth order and grades (school achievement), it would be a good way just to see whether there was a correlation. Ultimately, Im not sure if this group of student s would be representative of the population. The group I picked is in California, so it would not be representative of the entire United States. School achievement can be attributed to many an(prenominal) things besides birth order such as social influences.ReferencesFeist, G.J., & Feist, J. (2002). Theories of Personality (5th ed.). New York McGraw-Hill.Forer, L.K. (1969). Birth Order and Life Roles. Springfield, Illinois, U.S.A. Charles C. Thomas Publisher.Toman, W. (1976). Family Constellation (3rd ed.). New York springing cow Publishing Company, Inc. Birth order and School Achievement Essay -- essays research papers Birth order and School AchievementThere has always been an attempt to figure out why some people do better in school than others. Is it due to financial stability? Is it attributed to parents own success as students? Very importantly, ones birth order plays a role in ones school achievement. I. TheoryGrowing up with siblings or the absence of siblin gs can be a major factor in determining academic success. Being the oldest, middle or youngest child does not necessarily determine academic success concretely without exception, but serves as a predictor of future academic success. School achievement is gauged by how far one goes in his or her education, starting from grade school, all the way up to graduate school. Before getting into the developmental stages across the life span and in the interest of time, I will only be discussing birth order in terms of the oldest child, middle child, youngest child and only child because configurations of five or more children occur only in 10% of the families with children. The average family in the U.S. has three (Toman, 1976). Also, I will be dividing the developmental stages into 3 stages childhood, adolescence and adulthood.Childhood (Ages 1-12)The firstborn child is likely to have intensified feelings of power and superiority, high anxiety, and overprotective tendencies (Feist & Feist, 2002). The firstborn children usually have a close relationship with the parents than laterborn children. The child has the experience of having his or her parents to him or herself and tends to feel like a rather important individual (Forer, 1969). For a while, these children are only children until a younger brother or sister is born. They experience a traumatic dethronement, which may development resentment towards the new baby. During this time in their life, firstborns may be jealous and want to seek mother and fathers affection. When it comes to school, in grade school, these children will try to seek attention by being a class clown or a rebellious child. Education itself may not be of interest to them. Report cards may show poor grades and unsatisfactory behavior. This makes sense because before the younger siblings were born, the firstborn child was anxiously awaited. Parents are so proud of the firstborn as their pride and joy. The middle child or s... ...his or her final grade in the class. The students would then be grouped into categories of first born, second born, third born, fourth born, and so on. The students would then be ranked by grades along with their birth orders. I would try to determine the effect of birth order on school achievement. The professor would determine the students final grade.ConclusionWhether or not this questionnaire would find significant results for birth order and grades (school achievement), it would be a good way just to see whether there was a correlation. Ultimately, Im not sure if this group of students would be representative of the population. The group I picked is in California, so it would not be representative of the entire United States. School achievement can be attributed to many things besides birth order such as social influences.ReferencesFeist, G.J., & Feist, J. (2002). Theories of Personality (5th ed.). New York McGraw-Hill.Forer, L.K. (1969). Birth Order and Life Roles. Springfield, Illinois, U.S. A. Charles C. Thomas Publisher.Toman, W. (1976). Family Constellation (3rd ed.). New York Springer Publishing Company, Inc.

The Saving Grace of Madness Essays -- Character Analysis, Ophelia, Lae

Hamlets Ophelia tragi cry outy falls victim to the prevailing and unquestioned female stereo fonts of her day. Trapping her within the type of the chaste and dutiful muliebrity, Polonius strips Ophelia of her individual identity and silences her voice. He reduces her to a mere pawn, whoring her out to serve his own selfish agendas. It is only in madness that Ophelia is offered an unforeseen respite from this puppetry, one that even the finality of death is unable to offer. When the reader first encounters Ophelia within Hamlet, she is speaking with Laertes, her brother, and Polonius, her father. From these interactions, Ophelia appears to be the true embodiment of what a woman was expected to be. She listens respectfully to her brother and father, speaking only twenty-one lines as opposed to their combined one hundred and twenty. She dutifully responds to their advice I shall the effect of this profound lesson keep (1.3 l.49) and I shall obey, my lord (1.4 l. 145). Yet aside from this expected and somewhat boring picture, the reader learns little of Ophelia. In response to the plays call to Stand and unfold yourself (1.1 l.2), Ophelia appears to have nothing to say.However, while Polonius is satisfied with this one-dimensional and limited picture of his daughter, the reader should not be. According to the early 17th degree centigrade context of Shakespeares Hamlet, chastity was the quality most frequently praised in women as it directly influenced and determined male honor. Thus, Polonius command to Ophelia that she not slander each moment leisure as to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet (1.4 142-143) cannot be read simply as the words of a loving father concerned with the fragility of his daughters heart. Rather, it must be r... ...ng more than the goaded words of boy eager to prove his manhood. fairy Claudius response is no better, using Laertes grief over Ophelias death to motivate his revenge Strengthen your patience in our last darknesss spe echWell put the matter to the present push. This grave shall have a living secretaryTil then in patience our proceeding be (5.1 ll. 313-314317 319). Thus, once again Ophelia emerges as the scapegoat her death guilty of motivating the deaths of Hamlet, Laertes, Gertrude, and Claudius. While Hamlet indeed comes to a tragic close, it is an ending dominated by men. Fortinbras arrives on the scene in all his manliness, commanding that Hamlet be born like a soldier to the stage, restored to his prior, sane identity. Ophelia however, goes unmentioned, faded from the memory of Denmark, her monument never constructed as King Claudius promised.

The Saving Grace of Madness Essays -- Character Analysis, Ophelia, Lae

Hamlets Ophelia tragically falls victim to the prevailing and unquestioned female stereotypes of her day. Trapping her within the type of the true and dutiful woman, Polonius strips Ophelia of her individual identity and silences her voice. He reduces her to a mere pawn, whoring her out to serve his own selfish agendas. It is only in madness that Ophelia is offered an unexpect breaking from this puppetry, one that even the finality of death is unable to offer. When the reader first encounters Ophelia within Hamlet, she is speaking with Laertes, her brother, and Polonius, her father. From these interactions, Ophelia appears to be the true embodiment of what a woman was expected to be. She listens respectfully to her brother and father, speaking only twenty-one lines as opposed to their combined one hundred and twenty. She dutifully responds to their advice I shall the effect of this good lesson throttle (1.3 l.49) and I shall obey, my lord (1.4 l. 145). Yet aside from this expecte d and somewhat boring picture, the reader learns little of Ophelia. In reaction to the plays call to c at a timentrate and unfold yourself (1.1 l.2), Ophelia appears to have nothing to say.However, while Polonius is satisfied with this one-dimensional and limited picture of his daughter, the reader should not be. According to the early 17th century mount of Shakespeares Hamlet, chastity was the quality most frequently praised in women as it directly influenced and determined male honor. Thus, Polonius command to Ophelia that she not slander any effect leisure as to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet (1.4 142-143) cannot be read simply as the words of a winsome father concerned with the fragility of his daughters heart. Rather, it must be r... ...ng more than the goaded words of boy eager to prove his manhood. King Claudius response is no better, using Laertes grief over Ophelias death to motivate his revenge Strengthen your patience in our last nights speechWell put the m atter to the present push. This grave shall have a living monumentTil then in patience our proceeding be (5.1 ll. 313-314317 319). Thus, once again Ophelia emerges as the scapegoat her death guilty of motivating the deaths of Hamlet, Laertes, Gertrude, and Claudius. While Hamlet indeed comes to a tragic close, it is an ending dominated by men. Fortinbras arrives on the scene in all his manliness, commanding that Hamlet be born like a soldier to the stage, restored to his prior, sane identity. Ophelia however, goes unmentioned, faded from the memory of Denmark, her monument never constructed as King Claudius promised.

Private Hospital vs Public Hospitals

Concern over the quality of health care serve in Bangladesh has led to loss of organized religion in low utilization of public health facilities, and increasing outflow of Bangladeshi patients to one-on-one hospitals. The public health sector is plagued by uneven essential and perceptions of poor quality. Countrywide, the underutilization of visible(prenominal) facilities is of significant concern. For example, one study shows that the overall utilization rate for public health care services is as low as 30% (Ricardo et al. 004). Moreover, the trend of utilization of public health care services has been declining between 1999 and 2003, while the rate of utilization of insular health care facilities for the homogeneous period has been increasing (CIET Canada 2003). The unavailability of doctors and nurses, as well as their negative attitudes and behaviors, are major hindrances to the utilization of public hospitals. The situation is further compounded by lack of drugs, and long travel and waiting times (HEU 2003a).What is particularly disturbing is the lack of empathy of the service providers, their generally callous and casual demeanor, their aggressive pursuit of financial gains, their poor levels of competence and, occasionally, their disregard for the suffering that patients endure without being able to voice their concernsall of these service failures are reported frequently in the scar media. Such failures can play a powerful role in shaping patients negative attitudes and dissatisfaction with health care service providers and health care itself.The private health care sector overly deserves close scrutiny as about 70% of the patients seek medical care from this sector (World Bank 2003). amongst 1996 and 2000, private hospitals grew around 15% per annum (HEU 2003b). Benefits of going to private hospitals than public hospitals 1. Reliability Reliability refers to providers ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately. Private hospitals provides good harmonious doctors in some cases they have foreign physicians or specialist, who gives treatment present in visit basis.They have high-tech machineries which gives accurate and precise results. Supervision of patients is also good for patients who are admitted here. Where public hospital mostly runs with inter doctors who newly started their work. Their medical tests are not that much reliable, as due to inefficient rung and back-dated machinery. 2. Responsiveness Private hospital staffs respond promptly when needed. The requirement equipments are available, functional and able to provide quick diagnoses of diseases.Also prescribed drugs are available and properly administered. But in public hospitals the response is not that much quick, with lack of proper equipments. The prescribed drugs are not that much available. 3. Assurance here in private hospitals, with knowledge, skill and courtesy of the doctors and nurses can provide a sense of assurance that t hey have the patients best interest in mind. They deliver their services with integrity, fairness and beneficence.In the health care system, assurance is embodied in service providers who correctly interpret laboratory reports, diagnose the disease competently, provide permit explanations to queries, and generate a sense of safety. But the public hospitals give a totally opposite impression. 4. Discipline In Private hospitals the doctors maintain proper visiting schedules and that there are structured visiting hours for relatives, friends, etc.A clean and organized appearance of a hospital, its staff, its premises, restrooms, equipment, wards and beds are visible. The practices of paying Baksheesh (an informal only small facilitation payment) are strictly prohibited here. Conclusion This contention was largely supported since private hospitals obtained better ratings than public hospitals on most of the measures of responsiveness, communication, and discipline. These differences s uggest that private hospitals are playing a meaningful role in society, justifying their existence, continuation.

Prayer in School

Monique Holmes Argumentative Writing Final Paper Dr. George Pullman Introduction School orison is a major controversy of this society. state-supported enlightens are supported with taxpayer money and you restrain a lot of believers who want his or her taxes to support an institution that prohibits children from entreating in give instruction, entirely at the same time, you view as a loot of believers that weart want to support an institution that prohibits their children from suppliant in inculcates. The bulgeset Amendment of the United States protects both(prenominal) believers ands non believers from this situation by mandating government neutrality between belief and non belief.All children have the obligation to pray voluntary just not through the everyday tametime system. Prayer Should be Allowed in the everyday School System School supplication is a very controversial issue in our society today. The read/write head that people are having issues with is whet her or not school appeal should be allowed in the national school system. The main issue is if students should be allowed to pray as a class at the start of the day. Prayer in school has been a major conflict between people therefore there have been a lot of court cases.There were a number of cases that has changed the policy of suppliant in the earthly concern school system. Thomas Jefferson had spoken of normal education ands said, matchless goal of democracy is the recognition, solution, and adjustment of controversy public education should prepare citizens for this reality. pack do need to be prepared because faith is a very Holmes common controversy. If trust is removed from the public education system then one must know that the system is then defective to the school because how are children to know how to deal with the controversy that comes with religion?Prayer should be slowed in school. One must remember the Equal Access Act of 1984, which evidences that prayer is an important spell of Americas spiritual heritage and the First Amendment (Freedom of Speech). If prayer in schools is so bad like people like to say or think than how come there are so many people who are for prayer in school? School prayer shouldnt be removed from the public school system because of the Equal Access Act of 1984. This Act states that a federally funded public high is required to endure spiritual meetings if clubs that are not related to the curriculum is allowed.There are a number of ghostlike groups in some schools, but of course they dont get the same privileges as the clubs that are non-religious related. The Equal Access Act of 1984 was formed to change this fact. At some schools, students are allowed to organize a password study group as well as other religious clubs (www. religioustolerance. org). These divideicular clubs are allowed to meet on school grounds and they are adequate to advertise on school property just like the other non-religious clu bs (www. religioustolerance. org).Students who want to have a religious club should not be influenced by the board, teachers, principals, or any staff of the school. They should not be ridiculed because of this. The Equal Access Act of 1984 is good because these students forget now be able to form a religious group if they want. If ath permites, musicians and artists lavatory show and do what they believe than religious groups should be able to do the same. Prayer should be a part of our school systems because it is an important part of Americas spiritual heritage.All throughout Americas history there have been many important documents written with references to manufacturing business God, Thy Blessings, Our dependence upon Thee, and In God We Trust. These documents are Holmes the Declaration of Independence, the Gettysburg Address, the kingdomal Anthem, the Presidential Oath and even U. S. Currency. In school children starts the day with pledge which states one Nation under God . A prayer says that students just want to ask for a good day and guidance throughout the day. Prayer and religion is an important part of the American tradition. It has been said that the children benefit from people turning to God on their behalf and they benefit even more when they turn to God for attend (Christian Science varan 2). If prayer is kept out of the school system, they are teaching students that traditions are not important and that what this country was founded upon doesnt matter. Our forefathers wanted us to have religious freedom, so what would you want children to disrespect that. People dont want to see out nation fall but it will if we dont show children the value of prayer.School prayer is important because it shows and teaches what this nation stands for and it helps create better morals. By allowing children to pray at the beginning of school it gives them a chance to keep an eye on better and focus on school because their mind will be cleared. It is know n that students who pray before school do better in school than those who dont. So if we want our children to do better we must let them pray in school. We have lost if we eliminate prayer from school. Our nation will definitely fall. Nothing in the First Amendment converts our public schools into religionfree zones or requires all religious formula to be left at the schoolhouse door (Bill Clinton on prayer in school). If what Clinton say is true then why do people want to eliminate prayer in school? The issue is that they dont want to deal with controversy but by doing this they are not teaching children how to handle controversy they are teaching them to ignore it. They should let the children decide if they want to pray or not. If the students dont want to pray than they dont have to pray then they shouldnt.They have the estimable to pray in school and should not be looked Holmes down at if they choose to do so. No one is being hurt by prayer being in the public school system. The First Amendment gives people the rectify to express their religion openly and not be questioned about their beliefs. The former president, plague Truman once stated that prayer never hurt anybody and made good citizens out of them. The First Amendment states that people can express their beliefs freely and openly anywhere that they want and that should include school as well.School prayer should be in the public school systems because of the Equal Access Act of 1984, prayer is an important part of Americas spiritual heritage and the First Amendment (Freedom of Speech). Even with all of the court cases in which judges have ruled that prayer in school is unconstitutional, students still form prayer groups. One of the reasons why prayer is removed from school is because people think that they will have to partake in that religion and it will dominate over all. But this is simply not true.No one is asking for people to change their beliefs. Why is it a big issue for prayer to be in class when it is said in a number of school functions? Prayers are said at athletic games, to ensure safety and breastplate and at graduation ceremonies. How come this isnt an issue? There a re a number of arguments that are for prayer in school The read/write head Justice of the Court of Appeals stated, The belief and trust in a creator has always been regarded as an integral and inseparable part of the fabric of our fundamental institutions. desolate Truman said that prayer never hurt anybody and made good citizens out of them. Rep. James Traficant said, A Congress that allows God to be banned from our schools while our schools can teach about cults, Hitler and even devil worship is wrong, out of touch and need some commonsense. Prayer in school will increase tolerance in schools because children will be able to learn of different religions and how they are practiced. It will also bring to surface questions that Holmes children have about God and religion and allow them t o search for their own belief system.Bringing prayer into schools will allow them to search for their own belief system. Bringing prayer into schools will also help reverse the moral degradation of this country. Prayer should be allowed in the public school system so that our children can start their day off in the right direction. Prayer Should Not be Allowed in the Public School System The public school system should not allow prayer into the public school system because it is against the idea of separation of church and state.The public schools are for education it is not a place where religion should be taught, that is what church is for. Public schools can neither foster religion nor preclude it. Our public schools must treat religion with fairness and respect and vigorously protect religious expression as well as the freedom of conscience of all other students. In so doing our public schools reaffirm the First Amendment and enrich the lives of their students ( Secretary of pr ocreation Richard W. Riley June 1998 ).One must remember that in a public school system, these children are from all religion backgrounds, such as Baptist, Catholic, Quaker, Jewish, Muslim and atheist. School sponsorship of a religious message is impermissible because it sends the ancillary message to members of the audience who are nonadherents that they are outsiders, not full members of the political community, and an accompanying message to adherents that they are insiders, favored members of the political community (U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Santa Fe v. Doe, (2000). Public schools are supported by taxpayers and even they are of different beliefs, so therefore, the schools should be free from religious coercion. In the bible, it says that Jesus didnt approve of outward prayer, Thou shalt not be as the hypocrites ate for they love to Holmes pray standing in synagogues and in the corners of the streets that they may be seen of men.But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy clos et and when thou hast shut the door, pray to thy Father which is in secret (Matthew 65-6). By allowing prayer into public schools violates the First Amendment which states that congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances (First Amendment of the Constitution).The Establishment Clause renders the government from endorsing or favoring religion or any form of religions expression and The Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses requires that the government doesnt trample on ones opportunities to hold in expressive conduct. No one should be required to participate in prayer. The government does not have the right to make people pray in school. Annie Laurie Gaylor quoted Thomas Jefferson in her article, The Case against School Prayer No citizen shall be compelled to frequ ent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever. People should not be subject to do anything they dont believe in. Prayer should not be allowed in school because of church and state and the First Amendment. To secure the peoples right to acknowledge God according to the dictates of conscience Neither the United States nor any State shall establish any official religion, but the peoples right to pray and to recognize their religious beliefs, heritage, and traditions on public property, including schools, shall not be infringed.The United States and the States shall not compose school prayers, not require any person to join in prayer or other religious activity (Congressperson Ernest Istook Proposed amendment to the U. S. Constitution). To have prayer in school is against the idea of separation of church and state. Holmes Public schools are for education not religion. Im a Catholic and I hope a devout one, but I think that the public school schoolroom is no place for me to try and impose my world formula for prayer on children who ont share it, and for that very reason, I dont want my children in a public school classroom to be exposed to someone elses religion or formula (Senator Phillip A. Hart Michigan). Every child should not have to say prayer in the classroom because not everyone believes in the same thing. Students that choose to pray are already give the ability to do so because they are given a moment of silence where the student can do anything he or she wants as long as the entire class is not involved.Students have a voluntary right to pray but people want it to be where a group can pray and that should not be allowed. By establishing prayer in the public school system, it will only cause more turmoil for our society. Ulysses Grant started in the Presidents Speech at Des Moines to leave the matter of religion to the family altar, the church, and the private schools, supported entirely by private contributions. Keep the church a nd state forever separate. School prayer should not be allowed in the schools because of the idea of separation of church and state and the First Amendment. holiness is private and these schools are neither private, which shows that they do nor mix. To bring the public schools builds walls between children who may have not been aware of some religious beliefs. The practice of prayer in school will create unnecessary divisions among children by making them aware of religious differences. Public schools are for everyone, no matter their religion.The practice if organized prayer in schools will invade the childrens right to an education that is free of the discrimination that organized prayer would encourage. When schools have prayer in class, it singles out the theology being taught. Forbidding prayer in schools does not discourage religion but instead it prevents offensive alienation of students who have viewpoints which conflict with the established religion. By allowing prayer in school, Holmes it will exist what parents have already taught their children.It will be undermining what we teach our children about religion. We must protect ourselves against organized prayer by keeping coercive prayer out of our childrens schools. Work Cited Bill Jager, Public School Prayer Creates Violence, at Holmes http//www. mindspring. com/wjager/ Gaylor, Annie Laurie. The Case Aainst School Prayer. Keep the Church and State Forever Separate. Madison, Wisconsin Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. 1995 Matt Pyeatt. Congressman Urges School Prayer Constitutional Amendment, CNSNews. om, at http//www. botcw. com/talk/ Religion and Prayer in U. S. Public Schools www. religioustolerance. org The Holy Bible New Tesatment St. Matthew 65-6 The resolution was passed on 2001-NOV-7. The vote was 5 to 4. See Gene Garman, Lafayette School Board resolution on public prayer, at http// www. sunnetworks. net/ggarman/ The web pose contains a point-by-point rebuttal. Topic Prayer in Scho ol, AmarilloNet. com bulletin board at http//www. amarillonet. com/ubb/Forum34/ Holmes

Alternative Beverage Industry †Paper Essay

1. What be the strategically relevant comp ints of the global and U.S. deglutition industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the substitute beverage particle of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. The strategically relevant components of the global and U.S. beverage industry macro-environment are Market coat, Market Growth, Markets Segmentation, and Intensity of Rivalry.Market SizeThe beverage industry serves an incredible outsized grocery store. In 2009 alone, the beverage market consumed more than 458 million liters of beverage, resulting in oer $1.58 trillion in gross revenue for the industry. Although on that point is a declining trend in the consumption of carbonated soft drinks in the United States, as of 2009, carbonated soft drinks still accounts for the lion share of the U.S. beverage market with 48.2% of the market while bottle water and fruit juice account for 29.2% and 12.4%, respectively. The remaining mar ket space was occupied by the utility(a) beverages segment, which includes sports drinks, flavored or enhanced water, and energy drinks with 4.0%, 1.6%, and 1.2%, respectivelyMarket Growth succession U.S. beverage market saw a decline of 2.1% and 3.1% for the years 2008 and 2009, respectively, repayable in large part to the economic recession, the global market one dollar bill value as well as volume gross revenue saw an increase year-after-year, from 2005 to 2009. The industry is anticipate to apply a growth trend, with gross revenue forecasted to reach approximately $1.78 trillion in 2014, as beverage producer forecast modern market and break new types of beverages to accommodate the shifting consumer preferencesand capitalize on the growing and profitable alternative beverage segment.Market SegmentationThe global beverage market is reason as carbonated soft drinks (soda), bottle water and alternative beverages, which includes sports drinks, energy drinks, vitamin-enhance d water, energy shots, and relaxation drinks. Sports drinks accounted for nearly 60 percent of alternative beverage sales in 2009, while vitamin-enhanced drinks and energy drinks were approximately 23% and 18% of sales in the U.S., respectively.Scope of controversy There has been a long lasting rivalry in the carbonated beverage market segment between the both largest producersPepsiCo and Coco-Cola. However, in the alternative beverage segment, other than Red Bull and Hansen Natural community which in like manner have international presence, most of the other sellers are specialty or regional instigators, with distribution limited to a small geographic region.2. What is controversy like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractor and the potential profitability of new entrants? Competition in the alternative beverage industry is depress ion to moderate. Although there are many sellers, the high profit b rescript in the alternative beverage segment allows for everyone to earn respectable profit. In addition, the leaders, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola and Red Bull appear to understand the importance of maintaining the stability of the industry as a whole, as opposed to aggressively jockeying for individual strategic advantage at the expense of the industry. Although the five competitive forces in the beverage industry are quite favorable, brat of substitute ingathering is the strongest force. This is evidence by the fact that branding and taste are the primary strategic differentiations in the segment.Additionally, the cost of shimmy is undiscernibly low and there were many substitute alternative beverages such as tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, bottled water and tap water, which made it easier for consumers to easily switch from one brand to another. The bar infering power and leverage of suppliers was the weakest competit ive force because, with the exception of few rare ingredients, there are many suppliers available for producers to purchase ingredients from. Suppliers for incase are also abundant. Even though substitute proceedss had a bigger market share in the US, consumers bought more alternative beverages. This change in guest preference weakened the competitive power of substitute beverages. The threat of new brands varies by the development of each alternative beverage category. There is a low threat for mature categories and moderate to strong in young categories.During the early stages of developing a category, when famous brand leaders had yet to be established, the threat of entry in alternative beverage categories was strong. This enabled consumers who did not have a brand preference to be attracted to new beverages and allow a quick profits in market share. Once brand preference is established, the threat of entry would is lower for all types of alternative beverages except energy shots and relaxation drinks. The proficiency among sellers of alternative beverages could be considered the strongest competitive force. Among the sellers of energy drinks and other alternative beverages competition among major brands is focused on brand image, taste, packaging, R&D, sales promotions, endorsements, and better access to ledge space.3. How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changed? What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less glossy? As the industry experiences a saturation rate for all types of beverages in the mature markets (i.e. the U.S. and Europe), it is exercising great effort to enter new international markets . In fact, the industry is expected to gain a good portion of its future growth from consumers in developing countries. As a result, maturity of change in the long-term growth rate, industry consolidation and product innovation are all driving forces of the alternative beverage industry.The annual rate of growth for the dollar value of the global market for alternative beverages was forecasted to decline from the 9.8 percent annual rate occurring between 2005 and 2009 to an anticipated annual rate of 5.7 percent 2010 through 2014. While dollar value growth rates were expected to decline only slightly in Europe and Asia-Pacific, the annual rate of growth in the U.S. was intercommunicate to decline from 16.6 percent during 2005 2009 to 6.7% between 2010 and 2014. Product innovation is a constant force as the alternative beverage industry is continuing to create new ideas that give rise to new beverage industry categories and niches.Drivers of change are unlikely to dramatically alter the attractiveness of the alternative beverage industry in the next 3-5 years. Even with a slowing economy, there is no indication that the larger producers such as Red Bull GmbH, Coca-Cola, or PepsiCo are ready to compete aggressively on price for volume and market share gains. They will likely rely on product innovation and acquisitions to increase sales and market shares. However, the individual and collective effect of industry drivers of change can make the industry less attractive for unknown independent brands unless such companies gain an advantage in the industry.4. What does your strategic group map of the energy drink, sports drink, and vitamin-enhanced beverage industry look like? What strategy groups do you think are in the best positions? The worst positions? The strategic group maps show the industry participants competing in scope of geographic distribution and brand portfolio breadth. It shows that beverage producers competing internationally with broad brand portfolios are positioned most favorably in the industry, because as the matured market saturate, and volume sale declines, the producers with international presence and capabilities will have the edge to enter into other interna tional markets. Companies with a single brand and regional or national distribution only (i.e., Living Essentials, Vacation in a nursing bottle (ViB), Dream Water, or Drank) seem to be positioned most poorly in the industry because they are positioned as specialty or regional brand, which exposes them to the ebb and flows of market conditions of the economic condition or consumer preference of a narrow market.The current level of competition makes it doubtful that small regional producers will survive over the long-term unless begind by a large international bottler. 5. What key calculates determine the success of alternative beverage producers? There are four factors that are indispensable for competitive success in the alternative beverage industry. The first one is access to distribution, which is seen as the most important industry success factor due to the fact that most brands of energy drinks/alternative beverages cannot achieve good sales volumes and market shares unless they are widely available in stores, and there are also too many brands for all to be included on store shelves, especially in convenient stores who require placement fees. The second factor is innovating product skills. By definition, alternative beverages were different from traditional beverage line extensions permitted entry to new categories.The third one is name brand, which was also a critical factor in choosing a target customer demographic. The image which the brand represents and exemplified and emphasized in advertisements, endorsements, and promotions created a following and demand for one brand over another. pit image was also a result of labels and packaging that alternative beverage consumer found appealing small producers with poor image building capabilities had difficulty competing in the industry. Finally, sufficient sales volume to achieve scale economies in marketing expenditures is also an important driver. Successful alternative beverage producers were requ ired to have sufficient sales volumes in order maintain marketing expenses at an acceptable cost per unit ratio.6. What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? To PepsiCo? To Red Bull GmbH? Coca-Cola should go beyond a distribution deal with Living Essentials 5-Hour Energy drink, and instead, make a move to acquire it. Secondly, with only 10.2% of market share in the United States, as compared to PepsiCos 47.7%, Coca-Cola should focus on building strength in alternative beverage sales in Asia where it has a slight edge over its competitors. As globally established brand, and the market leader in the alternative beverage segment, PepsiCo is well positioned to maintain its market strength in the foreseeable future.And with its global distribution capacity, PepsiCo should leverage its strength and aggressively enter new markets in Asia, South America, Africa and the Middle tocopherol before its competitors and or new entrants gets ahead of it. For its U.S market, PepsiCo should continue to maintain its market position by investing in R&D in order to develop new expand its product lines. As the energy drink market leader in the U.S. and the third-largest producer of alternative beverages worldwide and the number two seller of alternative beverages in the U.S. and Europe, Red Bull had notable performance for an independent producer. To maintain their competitive advantage, Red Bull GmbH should also create product line extensions to aid in the appeal of its brand.

Is Privacy in the 21st Century Possible Essay

Privacy in the 21st century leave behind affect every humans beings life as we know it in the future. Is silence in the 21st century possible? No. Whether we atomic number 18 talking about issues like picture show surveillance detecting our every move or calculating machine hackers stealing identities, privacy is dead as we know it. The only when way to bring often privacy back is if we all come together and demand the privacy we deserve.Making correct decisions at home, work, and church, about who we vote for and the groups of throng we support, will greatly impact our domain of a function around us and the freedoms we strive to keep for our children and generations to come. Three beas of concern for m whatsoever people are having a g everywherenment with similarly much information and too much control, having less and less privacy as the years go by, and how some religions are responding to certain privacy issues that some dictate are talked about in the bible. These three topics or issues are some of the most controversial areas of concern and is also growing at an exp unrivaledntial rate.When analyze the fourth amendment and what our forefathers were try to preserve and protect, we realize that we generate been given the right to be free of unreason equal to(p) searches and seizures, and that is why we need to draw and quarter sound enlightened decisions when trying to correct the negative problems in our world. Rights and freedoms do not need to be sacrificed. Having many wonderful rights and freedoms is one of the main reasons this country has become much(prenominal) an inventive and successful country, like the world has never recognizen before.As we venture into the 21st century, our freedoms and the way we are supposed to live and act, has changed dramatically. It seems that every time we dig around we have less privacy and government has more control. When it comes to our rights and freedoms, the governments ability to make us fee l safer and more secure has make us except policies and procedures that normally would not even been thought about in the past. Not all the spy technology that humans create is firing to ca theatrical role harm though.Biometrics is a technology that applies a persons unique physical traits to a sophisticated electronic device or system to confirm identity. This kind of technology has its upsides and d makesides. Facial recognition is one aspect or system of biometrics. Facial recognition biometric systems are everywhere today. We fuck decide them in many places throughout large cities. Places like transit vehicles, city streets, casinos, banks, hospitals, and many early(a) common places people are found have facial recognition technology. The upside to having this subject of technology is that it would be a good crime deterrent.Crime is probably the number one reason having this type of technology would be a huge benefit. Law enforcement departments would be able to sometimes prevent crimes before they happen and definitely have concrete order if the crime is not stopped beforehand. Recently, after the Boston Marathon bomb exploded, the different law enforcement agencies used the cities video surveillance technologies to track d make and find the criminals. Finding the bombers before they were able to do more damage would probably not have been possible without video surveillance.The downside to this technology is the assumption that people are secretly being videotaped. According to a study by the New York Civil Liberties Union, people in Manhattan are being secretly videotaped on universal streets, outside buildings, and even in their backyard, by hidden surveillance cameras. Most hidden surveillance cameras are secured to rooftops, lampposts, and building entrances, but almost four light speed rotating cameras are hidden in light bulbs that olfactory sensation like street lights say Dority (2001).People that are constantly in fear of crime will s ometimes sacrifice freedoms to insure their family safety and tribute of the world around them. This could be the reason why so many are flocking to the idea of having security with video surveillance and other surveillance technologies without thinking about the consequences of what freedoms and rights might be given up.Video surveillance and other surveillance technologies are everywhere. We coffin nail find them at A. T. M.machines, convenience stores, parking garages, corporate offices, hotels, storage facilities, amusement parks, supermarkets, and do not forget about all the webcams all over the world, verbalize Soat (2005). The political and commercial applications of invasive surveillance technologies, together with gathering large quantities of data made possible by the Internet and high-speed computers, have brought fright scenarios uncomfortably close to the realm of possibility, according to Jasper (2003).When governmentknows everything we say and do, including passp ort information, drivers license information, etc, then what is to stop nefarious people from trying to carry out their own agendas? The right and the left wing people in this country will sometimes do anything to accomplish their goals, including attempting to use any type of technology at their disposal. These types of technology could be used on people that are behind on their taxes, having traffic violations, or people who respectable own gold and silver.In the past gold has been rounded up and confiscated said Jasper (2003). Tyrannical governments have been around since the beginning of time. Why would we not at least have some officials in our own government that have tyrannical tendencies and will do everything in their place to capitalize on clean invasive technologies that will further their cause or propose? Talking to many people and researching the ways and means of some tyrannical governments in this world, one could only imagine what certain human beings will do for more money and power.The more privacy we give up empowers some government officials to use the system no matter how invasive on we the people to acquire their own agenda. Our forefathers fought very hard to protect the rights and freedoms that we are losing more and more of everyday. When too much money, power, and control is given to so few individuals, it seems they become corrupt. The old saying Absolute power corrupts absolutely. The bigger that our government becomes our freedoms disappear and we are told how to live by someone else.There have always been, and there always will be people that have evil tendencies and motives. If they are able to create this type of power, they will use it for selfish and evil deeds. Clark (2009) stated when large corporations and governments get together they become an entity that believes their way is the only way. When we look at the history of privacy and the human race, it has only been in the last forty to sixty years that we have had to really protect our privacy rights as governments work with large corporations to gain more control over us.Even before the digital revolution, the ability of individuals to maintain control over the improper discovery, dissemination, or profane of their identity was threatened by the potential for governments to wiretap telephone lines or impose overly broad restrictions or burdens on speech for businesses to misuse customer data and for thieves to steal personal information said Jasper (2003). Privacy today is definitely a more pressing issue than ever before. If we as people ever needed to think about and make the correct decisions, now is the time.If there was ever a time in the history of the world to protect ourselves from the hand of Big Brother, and all of the devious ways it is coming up with to grow bigger and control everything it can touch, now is the time. one issue that stands out when it comes to privacy is religious beliefs. Religious Beliefs and Privacy when it com es to implanting human computer chips has very much intensified in recent decades. Not only has putting computer chips into animals been a hot topic, computer chipping everything from humans to the products we buy is also an issue many are concerned about.According to Katherine Albrecht (2005), when it comes to implanting computer chips into humans, some very powerful people are pushing for this very technology. This issue is gaining momentum in the religious communities because of its resemblance to the Mark of the Beast in the bible. Ever since the introduction of the implantable computer chip, the issue has been gaining momentum in religious circles because many are worried about going to money less scotch systems that can only be accessed by a implantable computer chip.There is quite a bit of evil that is involved with this topic in the bible. Bamford (2002) stated that when there is such a large religious base, and one looks at how passionate people can become over different i ssues, it is easy to see that these kinds of decisions need to be well thought out to prevent riots and wars. Just about every person in America has some kind of data file on them by one or more of the big private companies, let alone the databases compiled by the Government.When we lose privacy we are told it is for our own good, or our own protection, or to make our lives better. But is it worth it? With companies like Google reading all the contents that travel through their computers then, handing all of the information over to the government, what are we supposed to do? Technology is like a gun. A gun is neither good nor evil. It is who is using the technology, or gun, and what their intentions are for using it. If people do not stand up for their rights, big government will take more and more freedoms and rights away.Since the beginning of time governments have become large and then they destroy the country from within before anyone realizes what has happened. Technology is cl ashing with privacy. We need to figure out how to have the benefits of technology while keeping the privacy we need and deserve. There needs to be a happy medium. Could you imagine the freedoms we would lose if we had to obey a one world government? Most other leaders from other countries do not believe the average person deserves the rights and privacy that we as Americans have.Our forefathers understood that if you give the government unchecked powers, you were inviting abuse of power and tyranny. Whether we are talking about the decisions we make today affecting or our world in the future, when it comes to privacy issues, it is safe to say that looking out for our own privacy is just going to be normal. Life as we know it can change in a heartbeat if we as human beings cannot make the right decisions to impact our world in a positive way.

Themes in of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck

thither are many themes in Of mice and work force by John Steinbeck. There is the theme of brotherhood and friendship. Lennie and George against all odds are close friends, brothers in a way. They take fear of distributively other in different ways. George takes care of Lennie and tries to keep him out of trouble which is a very difficult task but one which he takes on nonetheless. Without him Lennie has noone and probably wouldnt last long, regular if he went and lived in a cave. And George does get something from Lennie he gets fellow travellership their friendship is what sets them apart from the other guys that works on bedcoveres. An why? Because because I got you to look after(prenominal) me, and you got me to look after you, and thats why. Without their friendship there would be no book. You get to read a lot about how George and Lennie interact with each other. Segregation is alsoin the book. There is the obvious one Crooks the negro stable buck is set apart from the o thers because he is black, he isnt compensate allowed to sleep in the same bunkhouse as the other ranch workers. But others in the story are set apart from the group as a whole. Curleys wife is ignored by everyone, the only woman on the ranch and she has noone to talk to.There is a lot of prejudice towards the two aforementioned characters. otherwise characters whom people feel prejudice against are Lennie, for his disability and Candy, who like his dog is getting old and will soon have outlived his usefulness. Another theme put is the one of innocence. Lennie has the mind of a small child, he is very innocent and naive. He doesnt realise what hes doing most of the time. How can he be guilty of a crime when he hasnt put one anything harmful on purpose? He doesnt know his own strength. He doesnt know much at all. One thing he does know is that George looks out for him and he is very loyal towards him.In the outsiders chapter he gets very agitated when Crooks implies that somethin g readiness have happened to George in town. Its interesting that he is so loyal to George but that he cant retrieve his Aunt Clara, someone actually related to him by blood and that took care of him for some time. There is a fair amount of violence in the book. any(prenominal) of it is intentional, Curley trying to pick a fight with Lennie, the ranch hands going after Lennie at the end of the novel all intent on make pain and/or killing him. The one who causes the most pain and most death though is Lennie but he barely realises it.He shatters Curleys hand, kills all the animals he acquires and also Curleys wife. However loneliness is definitely the biggest theme in the book because everyone in the story suffers from it. The farm hands going from ranch to ranch by themselves George talks about their loneliness already in the first chapter, Curleys wife trapped on a ranch with a bunch of men who wont talk to her because they risk getting into trouble with Curley, Crooks who is ca st out by everyone, Candy is alone after they shoot his dog who was the only constant companion in his life. All these characters admit that they are lonely.The only people that arent alone are George and Lennie so it is quite sad that he has to shoot Lennie, which might be the best for Lennie at the time but from then on George joins the ranks of lonely ranch hands travelling on their own. Except he has cognize companionship so he will always know what hes missing the other guys have never had anyone they were that close to so they dont understand his pain after he shots Lennie. This is obvious in the last sentence uttered by Carlson watching George and Slim walk apart together. Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin them two guys?

Importance of JIT in Modern Organisation Essay

The philosophy of just-in-time (JIT) originated in Japan 50 years ago at Toyota Motor Co. The determination is to create a intersectionion environment driven by demand that holds only a miniature amount of armoury and products at any effrontery time. Organizations in the manufacturing, service and public sectors are implementing a wide variety of innovative managerial tools and JIT philosophy to help them deal with the highly competitive, customer-driven environments in which they must(prenominal) operate. External relationships, for example with vendors and transportation carriers, stick critical for effective support of JIT carcasss. Co-ordinate such relationships and interactions introduces additional complexity into the organisation.Many companies now operate in a global environment that offers both threats and opportunities to their very survival. This global environment changes at an ever increasing rate and manufacturing organisations need to be able to oblige to thos e changes very lovesomely or they testamenting succumb to their competitors. This paper clarifies the basic features of JIT and their benefits to cheeks. The paper illustrates some advantages of using JIT establishment in coif to emphasis the enormousness of adopt this system. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to advocate the JIT systems through analyse the current problems in most organizations.INTRODUCTIONJIT manufacturing has the capacity, when properly adapted to the organisation, to strengthen the organisations competitiveness in the marketplace substantially by reducing wastes and improving product quality and efficiency of production.JIT manufacturing is a philosophy by which an organization seeks continually to improve its products and processes by eliminating waste (Ptak, 1997). It is a systems approach to quail stock and eliminate waste, thus to produces only unavoidable items in required quantities at necessary times. It has been widely implemented in ma nufacturing industries as a survival strategy against global market competition. JIT offers various benefits, such asgreater throughput, higher productiveness and ruin quality. In this paper, the designer will start from the basic elements of JIT, and batch sizing discussion will be fol first geared in section 2. sectionalisation 3 will clarify two basic methods of JIT which bunghole be aimd to overcome the local versus gild-wide dilemma. The relationship of ERP and JIT will be mentioned in Section 4. Section 5 will illustrate outcomes of JIT to a supply chain of company.1. FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES OF JITJIT composes of ten basic elements which areFlexible resourcesCellular layoutsPull production systemKanban production containSmall-lot productionQuick setupsUniform production levelsQuality at the sourceTotal productive guardianshipSupplier networkThe author will illustrate each of these elements and their outcomes for JIT system._Flexible Resources_It is recognized as a key ele ment of JIT which requires workers with the qualification to perform more than one job and general-purpose machines with the ability to perform several basic functions. With single workers operating multiple machines, the machines themselves in like manner required some adjustments. Extra tools and fixtures were purchased and placed at their omen of use so that operators did not have to leave their stations to retrieve them when need. The company uses of JIT system merchant ship reduce the waste of movement to early(a) machines, setting up other machines and hold ining at other machines can also be eliminated._Cellular layouts_It creates manufacturing cells that comprise of dis resembling machines brought together to manufacture a family of parts. The layout of machines within the cell resembles a small assembly line and is usually U-shaped. Work is moved within the cell which in normally in one direction and experiences little wait. In a one-person cell, the cycle time of the cell is determined by the time it takes for the worker to spot his or her path through the cell. It means even disparate items produced may take antithetic time to complete the time between successive items leaving the cell remains virtually the same because the workers path remains the same._Pull system_It emphasizes the supermarket approach and relies on customer requests to curl products/components through the system. Workers take only those parts or materials they need and can process immediately. The system avoids overproduction and only necessary quantities are produced._Kanban Production Control System_Kanban is a pull system which is driven by the demand at the lowest point in the chain.(Christopher, p186, 1998) A kanban contains such information as part number, description, type of container, unit load, precedingstation, and subsequent station. In a Kanban system the aim would be to produce only that quantity needed for immediate demand. It provides a simple and und erstandable process, quick and precise information with lower bell, avoid overproduction and substitute the responsibilities to line workers._Small-lot production_It requires slight space and capital investment. Incorporate the production of small amounts at a time can allow processes to be moved close set(predicate) together and transportation between stations can be simplified. The quality problems are easier to detect in small-lot production. Lower inventory levels make processes more subordinate on each other. In short, small-lot production will help people to grip the errors and solve the problems quickly._Quick Setups_It incorporates a system called SMED (single minute exchange of dies) that focuses on the principles for quick set-ups. The system differentiates between internal and external set-up, where internal set-up can be performed only when the machine is stopped, and external set-up can be performed while the machine is operating. It qualify internal set-up to ex ternal set-up._Uniform Production Levels_It is achieved by smoothing the production requirements on the final assembly line. It aims to reduce variability through more accurate forecasts, smoothing of demand and incorporating mixed-model assembly steadying component production._Quality at the Source_One of the most important issues of just-in-time is quality. Just-in-time companies should follow the concept of quality at the source, or doing it right the first time passim all areas of the organization. Just-in-time can only be successful in a company that is already producing quality goods.A quality at the source (jidoka) computer program must be implemented to give workers the personal responsibility for the quality of the work they do, and the authority to stop production when something goes wrong._Total Productive Maintenance_It refers to the practice of preventive maintenance with the concepts of radical quality employee involvement, purposes based on data, zero defects, an d a strategic focus. The goal of TPM is zero breakdowns._Supplier Networks_A network of reliable suppliers is also essential to JIT. An organization will reap many benefits in foothold of speak tos and time savings by reducing the number of suppliers and improving relationships with these valued partners in the JIT manufacturing process. The company and the supplier both benefit from just in time systems. The company benefits because of trim down cost. The supplier benefits by long-term profession relationships with companies as long as they continue to supply quality products on time.2. BATCH SIZE DELEMMALarge batch size can reduce set-up cost per unit, however, the carrying cost of it must be higher due to the higher inventory. Large batch inventory may hide many quality problems and only become visible when downstream customers bear witness to use and it does not fit. A large batch size will tend to create long waiting time delays as large jobs wait in queue behind large job s being processed. Thus, a longer average job queuing time will result from either batch size that are too small (an excessive amount of machine time is consumed by setups), or batch size that are too large (large jobs waiting in queue behind other large jobs).It means large batch can result of a number of difficulties, including lengthy setups, long queues at work centers, material waiting to be moved to the next operation, long distances between work centers, uneven hemorrhoid from one period to the next, equipment and workers with limited flexibility, unpredicted equipment failure, and largesafety stocks to cover possible scrap. Lets consider how the JIT approach can solve some of these difficulties.JIT philosophy the requirement is for small shipments to be made more frequently and to meet the precise time requirements of the customer. (Christopher, p188, 1998) Smaller batch sizes are desirable because they lead to such benefits as shorter lead times, less work in process, fewe r space requirements, and less scrap and rework. With all the machines located close together in the cell, material handling is greatly reduced.Moreover, control of parts flows and scheduling within the cell are simplified, as is tracking the status of jobs. Also, small batch size leads to lower inventory, which will make it easier to discover the problems. Lower inventory makes reliable continuous flow delivery. Although small batch size usually needs more money on set-up cost per unit, the carrying cost of it must be lower due to the small-lot production.3. JIT OVERCOMES THE LOCAL VERSUS COMPANY-WIDE DILEMMAJIT focuses on total employee involvement, not on the local or departmental resources, This principle can be found through analyzing the two basic elements of JIT-Kaizen and Group Technology.Kaizen is the Japanese term for continuous improvement. It is both a rigorous, scientific method using statistical quality control (SQC) and an adaptive framework of organizational values a nd beliefs that keep workers and management alike focused on zero defects. It is a philosophy of never being satisfied with what was accomplished last week or last year. It is the team responsibility to improve current systems and procedures. Management, staff, and labor must participate.It need total employee involvement, that is, participation of every employee at every level. To be able to establish a JIT manufacturing system, every department should have some commitment to align with a common goal. The companys top management must also support this goal in effectuate to have resources and time allocated to developing the necessary systems and procedures.The Kaizen cycle has four stepsEstablish a plan to change whatever needs to be improved.Carrying out changes on a small scale. commemorate the results,Evaluate both the results and the process and determine what has been learned.Group technology seeks to improve productivity by mathematical conventioning parts and products wit h similar characteristics into families and forming production cells with a group of dissimilar machines and processes. The aim of group technology is to makes it possible for a firm to achieve higher levels of flexibility without increasing production costs or sacrificing product quality, thus leading to an improved competitive position for the firm. GT is the concept of exploiting similarities to achieve manufacturing and design efficiencies. For instance, the cells group dissimilar machines together to process a family of parts with similar shapes, the worked paths are given at the same time. The cycle time is also prescribed by the workers paths. The flexibility of this layout must be very much efficient. It is the group technology which makes the works independent to a department.4. JIT SYSTEM & ERPERP is an account-oriented information system for identifying and planning the enterprise wide resources needed to take, make, ship, and account for customers orders. The use of the system has the authority to convert supply chains into demand chains in the sense that the system can now respond to known demand rather than having to scream that demand through a forecast. (Christopher, p199, 1998) For many users, an ERP is a do it all system that performs everything from entry of sales orders to customer service The system integrated operations and reporting to initiate, monitor, and track critical activities such as order fulfilment and replenishmentprocessing. It is a method for the effective planning and control of all resources needed to take, make, ship and account for customers orders in a manufacturing, distribution, or service company. It attempts to integrate all departments and functions across a company onto a single computer system that can serve all those different departments particular needs.JIT (just in time) is a philosophy based on the elimination of waste, an important component of JIT is kanbans which is a technique based on replacing mater ial that has been used but has no forward visibility. ERP systems improve efficiency of organizations and allow for more accurate information for decision makers to utilize. In connection with JIT process, ERP systems help to flatten an organization across the entire global enterprise by identifying business areas that are not adding value. Within the pull system, the production of a certain product starts on the demand or at the request of the buyer.It has been determined that the computer is the best source for determining when an order should be placed. Companies use ERP information system can link the replenishment of product in the market place with their upstream operations and those of their suppliers through the use of shared information. The system monitors and measures all aspects of production as the order proceeds through the various steps of the production cycle. The work order provides a complete audit trail which will come in handy later down the road.Presently, ERP i s considered the price of entry for running a business and for being committed to other enterprises in a network economy. As the business scale becomes global, and technology such as the Internet allows speedy and inexpensive communication, the use of ERP systems will be critical to an organizations success. e-commerce and supply chain management techniques, along with JIT, will be a push toward better information systems to better manage the organization and support customers and suppliers along the supply chain. In this growing global economy, the business that provides better product with better customer service will be the business that survives the increased competitiveness. Businesses can better provide for their customers by integrating the online shopping experience with automated ERP systems.5. JIT IN A COMPANY_Quick Response_QR has been delineate as a philosophical business umbrella, by which retailers decrease inventory levels while gaining greater customer delivery, thr ough innovative use of technology and business partnerships. There are many tools are used to create QR environment, which include bar code, POS and EDI. Manufacturers have turned to just-in-time (JIT) as their answer to the problem of managing inventories. They look to JIT to reduce lead time, eliminate waste, produce to customer demand, and develop long-term relationships with suppliers. In turn this will help manufacturers to satisfy the customers requirements with minimum levels of inventory and increase productivity. Retailers, assay for survival, also must find ways to substantially reduce their cost while improving customer service.One major coat incurred by retailers is the cost associated with carrying and handling inventory, which serves to satisfy customer demand. The volume of inventory the retailer carries is proportional to the sizes, styles, prices, models, colors, and so forth of the products and their total lead time. If lead time were zero, the inventory would be zero. Even though this is not practical, the shorter the lead time, the smaller total the inventory. Retailers are now adopting the philosophy that is referred to as Quick Response (QR). Quick response can be considered as a process that uses real-time or near-real-time signals to trigger replenishment responses in the supply chain for manufacturers or retailers. This will improve inventory turns, product allocation and replenishment times and helps retailers avoid running out of important stock.The basic idea behind quick response (QR) is that in order to reap the advantages of time-based competition it is necessary to develop systems that are responsive and fast. Hence QR is the umbrella term for the information systems and the JIT systems that combine to provide the right product in the right place at the right time. (Christopher, p192, 1998) In short, QR is the retailer sends a replenishment order to the supplier or manufacturer via electronic data hang on (EDI)._Vendor relatio nship_Companies with just in time production systems depend on suppliers to deliver quality goods on time. An organization will reap many benefits in terms of costs and time savings by reducing the number of suppliers and improving relationships with these valued partners in the JIT manufacturing process. Suppliers must deliver goods as frequently as required. Suppliers must make numerous deliveries each day in the exact quantity specified. Because of frequent deliveries, central receiving areas and warehouses are not needed. Several suppliers may combine their loads on one truck that will tour the supplier plants to pick up itmes for delivery to the customer. Meanwhile, the small warehouses could be used for frequently delivered items, and the consolidation warehouses could become load-switching points when geographic distances between supplier and customer prohibit daily deliveries.Generally materials are delivered straight to the area of the production process. The JIT approach p resents a very different perspective on the relationship. The JIT purchaser-supplier relationship is one of a partnership-in-profit creation. The cooperative relationship, on the suppliers side, insulates them from the full force of competition in the supply department of the market chain. This is particularly noticeable when the supplier is committed to only one, or at most, a few purchasers. The buyer, on the other hand, can benefit from the non-investment and low risks of this vertical integration. Companies must build relationships with suppliers. The company and the supplier both benefit from just in time systems. The company benefits because of reduced cost. The supplier benefits by long-term business relationships with companies as long as they continue to supply quality products on time.CONCLUSIONHence we can see that to have a Total JIT manufacturing system, a company-wide commitment, proper materials, quality, people and equipments must always be made available when neede d. In addition the policies and procedures developed for an internal JIT structure should also be extended into the companys supplier and customer base to establish the identification of duplication of effort and performance feedback review tocontinuously reduced wastage and improve quality.ReferenceChristopher, M., (1998), Logistics and supply chain management strategies for reducing cost and improving service (2nd Edition). Prentice Hall.Ptak, C., 1987, MRP and Beyond A Toolbox for Integrating lot and Systems, Irwin, Chicago, IL.

The Theme of Secrecy in Twelfth Night

Secrecy is an important element in any plot. It creates irony and some metres situational comedy. The way in which a character keeps or reveals a secluded affects the plot and adds to the main physical composition of the work. Viola, a character in Shakespeares Twelfth Night, must keep the secret of her true identity. The play uses secrecy as an important element of the plot by creating irony, situational comedy, and tension, as well as affecting the plot and contri aloneing to the boilersuit meaning of the play. The plot of Twelfth Night is affect by the secret that Viola keeps and reveals.Viola is a lady of Messaline who has been shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria. Believing her familiar Sebastian is dead, she wants to start a new life in Illyria, but the court of law of Lady Olivia is non accepting any new members because Lady Olivia is in melancholy after her father and brother have died. In order to join the court of Duke Orsino, Viola must disguise herself as a boy named Cesario. Orsino accepts Cesario into his court and from that point on, secrecy is embedded within the plot. Secrecy is necessary because she shagnot be revealed as a woman for several reasons.Viola becomes close with Orsino, which causes her to fall in bang with him, but since she has become so close to him, Orsino trusts her and sends Cesario to Lady Olivias house to try to convince her to accept his love. Even though Olivia has sworn transfer love, as soon as she meets Cesario she waterfall for him because he knows all the charming things to say to her. Since Cesario is actually Viola, the swooning words she says to Olivia is what Viola would want to hear if a man were confessing his love to her.Cesario says to Olivia, Make me a willow cabin at your gate/ And call upon my soul within the house,/ Write loyal cantons of contemned love,/ And sing them cheesy even in the dead of night// Hallow your name to the reverberate hills/ And make the babbling gossip of the air/ Cry out Ol ivia O, you should not ataraxis/ Between the elements of air and earth/ But you should pity me (43). This speech is what Viola would want to hear if she was being pursued by a man, which is why Olivia falls for Cesario. This complicates the plot because now Olivia is in love with Cesario who is actually Viola which creates a sense of situational comedy and irony.This secret not only affects the plot, but it contributes to the overall case of the play, love or the lack of. Olivia is not actually in love with Cesario and neither is Orsino with Olivia, they are both in love with the idea or fancy of love. On the other hand, Viola is truly in love with Orsino, which is revealed to the audience when Cesario is discussing love with Orsino Cesario says, Sooth, but you must. / Say that some lady, as perhaps there is,/ Hath for your love as great a pang of heart/ As you have for Olivia. You cannot lover her/ You tell her so.Must she not them be answered (73)? Viola, disguised as Cesario, is verbalise about herself which creates tension and irony for the audience. Violas secret keeps her from openly loving Orsino and causes Olivia to be in love with Cesario. Violas brother, Sebastian, who is in event not dead, represents both motifs in the play mistaken identity and things are not what they appear to be. Sebastian is saved by Antonio, a man whose tenderness towards Sebastian turns into love. Sebastian travels to Illyria, not knowing that Viola is alive and living there.Viola and Sebastian look very much alike, and now that Viola is impersonating a boy, they look identical. Sebastian is mistaken for Cesario by Olivia, which gives him two identities. Olivia begs Cesario to marry her and Sebastian seeing that Olivia was pretty and wealthy, accepts her proposal. Sebastian says to himself, Yet doth this accident and flood of fortune/ So far exceed all instance, all discourse,/ That I am diligent to distrust mine eyes/ And wrangle with my reason that persuades me/ To any other trust but that I am wan-/ Or else the ladys mad (155).Sebastians situation represents mistaken identity and that things do not appear to be what they seem. Violas secret further complicates the plot now Olivia believes she is get hitched with to Cesario who is actually Sebastian. Also this news infuriates Orsino who is in love with Olivia and causes major problems between Orsino and Cesario Orsino says to Cesario, O thou dissembling cub What wilt thou be/ When time hath sowed a grizzle on thy case? / Or will not else thy craft so quickly grow/ That thine own trip shall be tine nullify? / Farwell, and take her, but direct thy feet/ Where thou and I henceforth may never meet (173).Viola is heartbroken by Orsinos speech because she is rattling in love with him and she is not the one who married Olivia. Olivia mistaking Sebastian for Cesario, proves that she does not really love Cesario, she is in love with idea of love which is the overriding theme of the play. Identities and disguises are created by secrecy in the play. Violas and Sebastians true identities are revealed when she finds herself face to face with her brother Sebastian. Malvolio, another character in the play whose identity is lost due to secrecy, regains his identity by the end of of the play.Violas necessity for secrecy leads to her choice of keeping the secret for more or less the play. Her secret complicates the plot, and develops irony and situational comedy throughout the play. Her secret did allow her to achieve her goal of joining Orsinos court and starting a new life, but her revealing the secret allowed her and Orsino to be together. Violas secret contributed to the meaning of the play, that love is not always what it appears to be, sometimes love has two identities. Love can be just falling in love with the idea of the emotion or the real thing.

Meanings of Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior Essay

Until several years ago, many students who were classified as having ID or assigned into an inclusion classroom were not evaluate to equivalenceticipate in beatized block outing, still as late, everyone in public schools is expected to participate in standardized measurements. some(prenominal) educators atomic number 18 happy with the change while others are interested the assessments are not an sinless assessment of what students actually know. For many students with breeding disabilities, standardized assessments often wearyt accurately indicate what the student truly knows and where they nominate deficits. One problem with assessing students with ID is the identification and compartmentalization of ID is that they differ greatly between reads and is often inconsistent. According to Kortez, students with specific learning disabilities are served under the IDEA, however we use the word classification when referring to the category of and indentified students specific d isability or disabilities (Kortez).The major(ip) problem that arises is the fact that identification is be highly inconsistent which is raising the concern students being mislabeled. It seems as though some educators are either over identifying or under indentifying students. however, this is not just a problem on the educators level it is also showing up on the state level. It seems as though when the combined across the nation, identification is inconsistent. More than half of all students being served are doing so under the IDEA part B umbrella, students with specific disabilities, while the number of students recognized as learning disabled ranges from 3% to 9% across the United States (Kortez). According to Kortez, not all states practice the analogous policies, guidelines, or criteria, therefore some states defy a important higher or lower number of students identified based on what they as a state deem legitimate. Because there is such(prenominal) a difference in polici es, it is therefore difficult to determine an adequate way to assess students with disabilities.cellular inclusion needs to be implemented in a way that will not only make headway the quality of performance generated by the assessment but also the constructive outcome of the education being provided. The difficulty therefore lies in being able to implement a sound assessment because of the significant essential factors. One factor that would have to be determined is how many specific education students would cut back as ineligible to partake in the regular education assessments. Another factor that would be solved would be how the regular education assessment could be enhanced to better suit the needs of the special education students. Also, the decision would have to be made to determine the criteria for students who would qualify for accommodations and which accommodations would be appropriate. In ensnare for all these decisions to be made, it is essential for all the characte ristics as soundly as the needs of the indentified students be met, and it is close to impossible if the identification and classification of the students continue to be inconsistent.Another problem with assessing indentified students is the fact of accommodations. When a runnel is given to a student with disabilities, certain changes or accommodations are made. Some of these accommodations are simple as mental ladderinging the student in a smaller group, allowing the frequent monitored breaks, allowing the student extra time to covering the assessment, or reading the directions or questions to the student. When small changes such as these mentioned are made, they are referred to as accommodations. However if changes such giving the student a different test, illuminating parts of the test, or change the test in any way it is referred to as a modification and the assessment is no longer considered a standard test and is referred to as a non-standard test. When it comes to the e lement of measuring the assessment, the main goal to implementing accommodations is to better underpin the information regarding the students and their disabilities. Testing consistency is implemented in order to increase the accuracy by getting rid of the immaterial variations for the testing between schools.For instance, if one school allows thirty minutes for a test and another allows an hour and a half, the longer test would be considered the prejudice between the two. When it comes to students and their disabilities it is only circus that accommodations be made in order to make the test fair for everyone. For example, if a student has a profound vision problem because it would only make sense to change the presentation of the test (larger print, recording), in order to show a more true result of what the student actually knows, instead of not doing well simply because they cant see the text well enough. If accommodations arent standard then results will not be consistent and therefore we wont have an accurate snapshot of what the students actually know. A third problem that may arise when testing students with disabilities is the design, construction, and evaluations of the test. One circumstance that needs to be considered where testing is concerned is the design of the test.Some tests can be aslant in one area where another assessment may be crooked in another area. Some tests are designed to assess a certain group of students with similar backgrounds and therefore are biased against those students who dont share a similar background. While there are methods for dealing with bias are implemented, not all the methods are not equipped to detect bias toward students with disabilities. Systems used for assessing bias often insist on students being paired on some criterion measure of the complex body part of relevance. For example, if a reasonable criterion could be settled on for fifth graders in math proficiency, then the students without disabil ities and students with disabilities could be matched together and then determine if the two sets of students were similar or different in the same areas.The second area of design that needs to be considered is the difficulty of the assessment itself. Often, most students with disabilities do not perform well on assessments. Furthermore, most assessments are too complex for students with disabilities, therefore often explanation results that are intimidating for students with disabilities and may also cause unfavorable reactions from their teachers. Some students may be communicative students and may not be about to write or say their answers, making it impossible for them to par take in standardized tests. Many of the students with ID have a mixture of intelligence deficits and adaptive fashion that initiates their academic deficits. These deficits cant be the effect of a sensory impairment, a specific learning disability, or a behavior disorder, and would have to start showing systems before the child reaches school age.If a students cognitive deficit seems to be mild, then their deficit would resemble a panoptic disability with no specific area. The students who have been diagnosed with a specific learning disability will have functioning highs and lows. Students with intelligence disabilities have a difficult time across the curriculum as well as adaptive behavior. As time goes on there are more and more students who have to take standardized tests. This can be difficult for teachers, especially when it is almost impossible to accurately assess them and their progress. Some of the problems that occur when assessing students with ID, is the classification and identification of students, deciding what accommodations or modifications should be used for each child, and if the test that is being administered is level appropriate for the students with disabilities.References1. Kortez, Daniel. Center for the Study of Evaluation. Project 1.1 Comparative Analys es of Current Assessment and function Systems/Strand 3 Daniel Koretz, Project Director, CRESST/Harvard Graduate School of Education http//www.cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/TR587.pdf2. Centra, J. A., (1986). Handicapped student performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test. ledger of Learning Disabilities, 19, 324-327.3. Clarizio, H. F., & Phillips, S. E. (1992). A comparison of severe discrepancy formulae Implications for policy consultation. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 3, 55-68.

Exercise and Heart Essay

IntroductionAim decision out how motion affects the optic sum up and animated rate. Hypothesis act upon exists in divergent exercises and has umpteen benefits it mends the group O-carrying capacity of the cable, development of bones, strengthens hefts and the lungs capacity plus it basin make you feel good. There be antithetical exercises and intensities for different benefits. Lower intensity exercises are not designed to work the body as hard. As a result less oxygen is needed and less waste is in excess. However still low intensity exercises require to a greater extent substances to be carried out than if your body was in its resting state. Therefore different concentrations of substances are required for different intensities of exercise. In effect this affects your summation and ventilation system rate. (Jones & Jones, 1984) (Ross, 1978)Null Hypothesis effect has no effect on the heart rate or breathing rate.The overall rate of the heart and breathing increase s during exercise. The heart beats tighter, allowing blood to supply substances required by the cells to respire. Oxygen is needed to supersede the oxygen workoutd up in respiring cells, while at the said(prenominal) time the cells produce light speed dioxide that needs to be removed from the body. The heart rate increases to pump blood around the body quicker, ensuring oxygen is constantly dissociating from the blood to the cells. At the same time the breathing rate increases to increase the rate of aerosolized exchange of oxygen and speed of light dioxide, and remove excess waste from the body as soon as possible. (Jones & Jones, 1984) (Ross, 1978)Exercise, although essential both for early, sudden ponderosity contraction ( a few minutes ) and for prolonged, sustained exercise, muscle food stores are not ample. The contracting muscle must also take up glucose from the blood. (Ross, 1978, p. 705)aerophilous exercises improve lung capacity. recitation muscles need extra ox ygen, which is supplied to them by breathing faster and more deeply. If you regularly do exercise which make your muscles demand extra oxygen, called aerobic exercise, this helps your respiratory system to become efficient at give wayting oxygen into your blood. (Jones and Jones, 1984, p. 279).Risk assessmentChemical/Procedure Hazard Precaution* Stepping off and on exercise pure tone * Slipping off step * Dry shoes * Appropriate support * Exercising * Pulling muscles * Feinting/Blackout * Spraining ankles * Appropriate stretching in advance exercise * Supervised by professional * beart force ankles onto the surfaces * Try to be light on the feet * Wide breadths of movement * Inflicting contact on another(prenominal)s * Suitable space for procedure VariablesConstant Variables* Exercise step* Number of steps taken* Resting stop consonant* People get ining impetus and breathing rate* Temperature of roomIndependent Variables* ExerciseDependent Variables* subject matter rate* Br eathing rateMethod1. Record the pulse (preferably from the wrist) for 30 seconds of the person participating before exercise. 2. Double the number of pulses this gives an estimate of the heart beats per minute 3. Place hand on the refuse back of the person participating before the exercise and count the number of times the person inhales and exhales in 30 seconds then double it this is the breathing rate per minute. 4. These are the heart rate and breathing rate at rest.5. Explain to the participant the concepts of both exercises a. un jot 20 Slowly climb onto and off the step for doing 20 steps in total. b. Fast 20 Climb onto and off the step as fast as possible for 20 steps in total. 6. After the participant has done the Slow 20 exercise, record the heart rate and breathing rate. 7. Stop the stopwatch and reset8. Next record the heart rate and breathing rate after the participant has undergone Fast 20 exercise however hold back the stopwatch agreening for an additional thre e minutes 9. At the end of the three minutes record the heart rate and breathing rates 10. Work out the averages of all the results11. Plot results in a suitable tableResults Table substance RateRest Slow 20 Fast 20 3 minute rest76 107 130 72Breathing RateRest Slow 20 Fast 20 3 minute rest18 23 33 20AnalysisAs the intensity of exercise change magnitude, so did the rates of the heart and breathing. After a nice period of rest, the heart rate and breathing rate both decreased to a point fold to their resting rate. This proved the stated hypothesis. First, the hearts average resting rate was recorded to be 76 bpm. The heart is thus transporting oxygen and removing carbon dioxide at a reasonably steady rate via the blood. During the low intensity exercise (Slow 20) the heart rate increases to 107 bpm, which further increases to 130bpm at a higher intensity level (Fast 20). The heart thus needs to beat faster to increase the speed at which oxygen is carried to the cells and the rate at which carbon dioxide is taken away by the blood. Oxygen is required by the cells to carry out respiration, this provides the energy in the form of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) which is a molecule required for muscular contraction.As exercise takes place, oxygen is used to form ATP, which needs to be replaced. Carbon dioxide is also built up in the same cells due to muscle contraction, and this excess CO needs to be removed. The breathing rate increases to increase the gaseous exchange amid oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is breathed in through the atmosphere and diffuses into the thin walls of the alveoli, which then diffuses into the blood along the capillaries. The blood then passes the respiring cells and the oxygen it contains diffuses into the cells. At the same time, the excess CO diffuses from the respiring cells into the blood, along through to the alveoli and is breathed out. This maintains equilibrium in the body of oxygen and carbon dioxide. To create energy for p hysical efforts immutable more than 1 minute, muscles need oxygen. The harder your muscles work, the more energy they need and the more you must suck wind to supply them with oxygen.Also, the more oxygen your muscles use to create energy, the more waste (carbon dioxide) they produce. Exhaling expels this carbon dioxide from your system. (Why Does Exercise amplification Heart Rate And Breathing Rate?, 2012) Blood is the vehicle that delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide waste from the operative muscles. To deliver more oxygen and remove more waste products, the heart pumps more blood. According to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), at lower intensities (up to 50% of your maximum cardiac output) your heart can meet the increased oxygen demand by increasing both heart rate and stroke volume (the centre of blood pumped with each beat). However, beyond 50% of cardiac output, increasing your heart rate in proportion with your effort is your bodys only way to deliv er more oxygen to the muscles. (Why Does Exercise Increase Heart Rate And Breathing Rate?, 2012) GraphEvaluationThe experiment was good enough to gain results as the results were those predicted by the hypothesis. The experiment was carried out by five people at haphazard in terms of height and weight, the individual weights were taken and the average result were used as the net result results used to be plotted onto the graph. The combination of random sampling and number of repeats increases the experiments reliability as it tries to keep the results obtained as much due to chance as possible. Also, because the results were predicted by the hypothesis it suggests that this data can be used to find out what was being looked for the effects of exercise on the heart and breathing rates. Validity is therefore increased, adding more support for the experiment to be a suitable method for decision effects of exercise on the heart and breathing rates.No anomalous results were found, t he results followed the predicted trend, the reason for this result could be due to the nature of the body and how it counter reacts with the external influences on the tissues and organs. The secretion and inhibition of certain substances are essential for the body to sustain itself in a stable state during the effects of exercise.ImprovementsI would improve this experiment by using more accurate equipment to improve the accuracy of the overall experiment. I would run repeats to see if my results complimented each other to increase the reliability. The difference is I would run the experiment in the same way which may differ from other peoples subjective habits. More accurate equipment could know been used to improve the accuracy of the overall experiment.The heart rate is measured by finding the pulse of the body, a more precise method of determining pulse involves the use of an electrocardiograph, or ECG (also reduce EKG). Commercial heart rate monitors are also available, cons isting of a chest strap with electrodes. The signal is contractable to a wrist receiver for display. Heart rate monitors allow accurate measurements to be taken continuously. (Heart Rate, 2012)The breathing rate can be measured over a full period of 60 seconds to get more accurate results. Repeats using the improvements to accuracy of finding the heart and breathing rates would yield more reliable results.The exercise itself is very subjective to each person. Their interpretation of slow could be different to other people, which would affect the time it takes each individual person to take twenty steps. The exercise could then be controlled by suggesting a method to keep generalise the types of speed people would undergo during the exercise. For example, people could use counting as a reference point for when they should stand onto or off the exercise step.Bibliography* Jones, M. And Jones, G. 1984. biological science The Press Syndicate * Ross, G. 1978. Human Physiology Year Book Medical Publishers * Why Does Exercise Increase Heart Rate And Breathing Rate? (2012)Breathing Rate & Heart Rate Online Available at http//www.livestrong.com/article/109267-exercise-increase-heart-rate-breathing-rate/ (Accessed 15 November 2012) * Heart Rate (2012) Measurement Online Available at http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate (Accessed 16 November 2012)